فصلنامه مسکن و محیط روستا
پیاپی 129 (بهار 1389)

The compatible architecture with Kandovan village climate has been investigated in this article. It seems that the architecture of this village is far more significant than ordinary architecture. Human environmental factors are chosen from natural factors and a proper blending has been done between residential structure and human characteristics. In fact these two factors have influenced each other. In order to achieve this, we have introduced the location of Kandovan which is situated 62 kilometers from Tabriz. In order to be more acquainted with this village and achieve the best results such as reasons as to emergence of the village and its development, climatologically conditions of this village such as altitude, latitude and climate factors are further investigated. Rock architecture is indicative of the struggle between man and nature in order to transform rocks into what serves the purpose of man. Concerning space and body this sort of architecture can be distinguished by two types. The first type refers to gigantic and separate rocks inside which different spaces have been carved forming a residence or public place. The second type refers to rocks and hills with spaces for which there is no outward appearance. The important sample of it can be found in Iran. All kinds of rock architecture have been studied in this research. By carrying out this study we found that the rock architecture of Gorme kapadokiyai, a district located in Turkey and the architecture of Kandovan are categorized under the first type of rock architecture and architecture of Maymand (village) situated in Kerman can be classified under the second type. Thus rock architecture of Kandovan which is the focus of our research for being similar to architecture of Gorme kapadokiyai in turkey is compared and contrasted in this study. In order to compare and contrast architecture of the above mentioned places, the characteristics of rock architecture of Kandovan including the causes of the emergence of shores and their categories have been taken into consideration. The manner in which architectural elements are situated ashore and their binding with nature and the villagers making use of natural facilities and sources for the purpose of living under proper conditions has also been studied. The results show different kinds of shores with different appearances and number of steps in the district of Kandovan.

The purpose of this article is to present the principles of architecture in the age of climate change. The necessity of this matter arises when the rate of global warming has increased. It has been scientifically proved that human and his activities are responsible for the concentration of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, making the earth progressively warmer. The greenhouse gases problem is to the extent that there is a need to halt the rise in CO concentrations produced by burning fossil fuels in order to reduce the risks of catastrophic alterations to the climate. In fact, the human needs to move rapidly away from the use of greenhouse gas produced by fossil fuels towards a greater dependence on clean renewable energy. At the first stage of the research process, the literatures of the topic and similar researches in libraries were reviewed. Then the principles of Solar Design with meta-analysis method were defined and stated. The present research progressed with this hypothesis that if solar access will be provided for buildings in urban environments, they can receive thermal energy needed for passive systems from sunlight and other renewable resources. To experiment this hypothesis, the field study method was used. In this study, the present condition of some neighborhoods was evaluated in 82 th region (zone) of Tehran. Our analytical technique was based on shadow patterns cast by the sun at various times of the year. For this, a sequence of shadow patterns was simulated by computer rendering. After analysis of computer models, the restrictions of solar energy access was stated and based on the findings, the principles of passive solar heating and cooling was presented.

Housing indicators maybe the most important and fundamental factor in housing planning. Consideration of housing social indicators in one of the approaches to understanding housing characteristics which can lead to the discovery of effective parameters of housing issue and can facilitate any planning or making decision for housing. The aim of this article is to study the situation of the social quantitative and qualitative indicators of housing in rural areas of Ahvaz County. The methodology used in this article is a combination of descriptive, analytical method and case study. The results of the consideration and comparison of housing social indicators in rural areas of Ahvaz County within the years of 1996 to 2006 shows there are problems in terms of social quantitative indicators of housing and unbelievable bad conditions (density of family per dwelling, density of persons per room and density of persons per dwelling). But from view point of social qualitative indicators of housing (average building area of dwellings, construction materials), ownership, the way of ownership of housing, infrastructure facilities and basic services of housing units have had a relative developing trend. Therefore, housing planners and authorities should pay special attention to the importance of social indicators in improving the citizen's housing quality on the one hand and deal with the housing problems in connection with all related factors, both quantitative and qualitative on the other hand. Hence, it lies upon the housing planners and authorities to consider the social indicators in housing development plans with overall view, fundamentally and with more serious attention.

The concept of housing is an issue in this article. Recognize the importance of this difference between the Muslims architecture and Islamic architecture is effective. Therefore authors use religious sources such as verses and discourse and trying to have making religious background to achieve. Article has been based on analysis description. Authors realized that Islamic texts about architectural terms and indexes that are before the draw housing in the area to set the single city to cover housing and the human role in the mass describes to human skeletal mass. Moderation, soul Favorites, orders that the arbitration framework the Hidden Posts notice be cause.

has been referred to increasingly in the authorities’ and the statesmen's speeches and articles as the only available solution for present global problems. Sustainable development is in fact an approach looking for maximizing the net profit of economic development with consideration of maintenance and preserving the quality of natural resources during the passing time. In order the sustainable development to have moral stability, it is necessary to improve the standard living level of the poor and low-income strata of the society and at the same time to prevent irreparable damages to future generation's capitals. Based on the statistics and carried out research, the main problems of rural households in Iran are poverty and economic problems. In this direction, rural tourism can be recommended as a supplement economic. Since rural tourism spreads over locations, it seems that geographical information system can play an important role in all stages of rural tourism which is a complementary economy in reducing rural poverty and preventing pressure on the resources. The used method in this research is an analytical – practical method. Based on this research GIS can be used at all stages of rural tourism system. Finally, several solutions are presented based on the research.

Nowadays rural industrialization is a strategy that provides proper instruments to offer variety for rural economy. Therefore, it is considered an economic trend which promotes the level of life in rural areas by creating jobs and balanced distribution of incomes. In this way, it lets the stable rural development. In Iran during the recent decades, rural industrialization and plans to establish rural industrial zones have been considered as important strategies to reach rural development. In this research, by using different study sources, the role of rural industries has been tried to be introduced throughout the country. The findings show that due to long history and less dependence on ecologic conditions, and also due to access to vast markets; rural industry sector has more opportunity for development. Thus, it will provide job opportunities for a great number of manpower's in the villages. The present article is based on descriptive-analytical method, and by means of library and document references, tries to answer the major questions of what main challenges are in confrontation with rural industries development in Iran. According to the results of the research, the challenges that the rural industries in Iran may face can be categorized into two general groups including rural exterior and interior factors. Outside the villages the human, economicfinancial, facility and equipments challenges can be mentioned, and inside the villages environmental, human, economic-financial, and technological challenges can be referred to as examples.

Extension of rural tourism industry is one of the options which nowadays have made the policy makers, programmers and executers of investment for rural development think about due to the expansion of city dwellings and urban environmental pollution. As an important and basic industry in economic and culture sections, it can play an important role in reducing psychological pressures of the cities and also prevent unnecessary migration of the villagers to the cities. Considering the integration of two organizations of tourism and cultural heritage and small industries and creating the organization of cultural heritage, tourism and handicraft and holding the first rural and tribal tourism seminar in national level with the presence of high ranking officials of the country on 27 th February 2007, it is necessary to act with more programming and sophisticating measures to preserve and extend the villages and prevent environmental destructions. For the purpose of above article while using library resources and studying documents, the definition of tourism and rural tourism, attractive places, profits, damages and solutions to expand rural tourism have been taken into consideration.