پژوهشنامه ادبیات تعلیمی
پیاپی 4 (زمستان 1388)

Manliness is a social norm in Iran. The present research seeks to explore the Gnostics texts (from the beginning era until the ninth century) in search of manliness in sayings and manifestation in Gnostics’ lives while concluding that manliness is in Koran and Hadith. Gnostics believe that prophet Mohammad, Imam ALi and Imam Sadegh are true manifestation of manliness. In generalGnostics texts define manliness as donating one’s rights to others and practicing freedom. Major moral components of manliness include fight against egotism, forgiveness, kindness, generosity, trustworthiness, modesty, concealing other faults, fidelity, respecting the old and honoring the guests. Manliness is not only a social norms leading to forgiveness, peace constant preference of others to one’s advantage but also has a religious meaning. This latter term is definedas praising God and avoiding satin (deceiving elements). Manliness against one’s soul refers to one’s liberation from both worldly and unworldly wishes, i.e. preserving one’s human identity.

The creator allocated the land, heaven, earth and firmament as the trailed element of the king of entity, the prophet, with all the wonders, varieties and proliferations. Followers of the prophetic of reality find their integrity and prosperity and signify their own existence by following his words and behavior which are the basis of divine messages. the artists, especially the literary critic follow the prophet with sincerity and love and learn valued knowledge from his wisdom and understanding and go toward meanings and make their speeches up with them and clear their spirit from the light of illuminating guidance and enhance make their effect dynamic and stable. Among the famous poet, Khaghani who is known as the" Iranian wonder", had enhance more than others; this speech rider has been ahead of other poet in complimenting the prophet. He could, by elegant imaginations and creating new thoughts in words, praise the prophet of kindness artistically and credit his poetries. The researcher of this investigation tries to analyze the concepts and words rose from arts and thoughts of Khaghani and praise the artistic view and indicate the truth by relying on evidences and poetical instances.

Literary works are divided into different groups based on their subject maters. They include epic, didactic, dramatic, and lyric. The category of request and demand which is the subdivision of lyric literature has been manifested in different forms in the poetry of many early and contemporary poets. Generally, different types of request and demands are divided into two main categories; namely, materialistic demand and non materialistic one. Poets by using various methods have presented them in their works. In this article the subject of demand and request in the poetry of Kamaloudin Esmaiel Esfahani has been investigated. In this field, the attempt is made to analyze all poems from his Divan including materialistic request and non materialistic one. The result shows that two third of the demands were materialistic ones due to poor living condition of the poet.

The characteristics of human beings for creating imaginations and the attempt for escaping from worldly limitations led him to think paranormally. The manifestation of this thinking is a form of literature which is called spiritual itinerary or itinerary to another world. This literature is very noticeable in world and every culture has some types of it. There are some masterpieces in this style in the Islamic literature which somehow reflected in European literature and affect it. Just as Dante's Divine comedy which reflected in the works like Erdaveiraf Nameh, Fotoohat Makiyeh and etc….. We can claim that all works of this type dates bakes to ascending of Prophet Mohammad. Among Islamic spiritual itinerary, there are two masterpieces, namely; Seyr al- 'ebad elal-ma 'ad of Sanai and Moayeri's Thesis of Alghofran Abolala which have different points of view. These two masterpieces havent been analyzed properly due to their complex structures and thoughts of their writers. In this article, the attempt is firstly to introduce theses two journeys and then to find common features of them. Therefore, the similarities and differences of these two journeys are presented within the limits of all spiritual journeys for those who are interested.

Guardianship (velayat) is one of the important tenets in mysticism, which has been discussed by several great Gnostics. One of the controversial issues concerning Guardianship is the matter of termination of Guardianship Seyyed Heydar Amoli; one of the great Gnostics in the eighth century has studied this issue in depth. By investigating Sheihk Akbar s (famous Gnostics) Works abouttermination of the absolute guardianship by the Christ, he contradicted it and put forward his rational, self discovery, and citation evidences against it. He underscores that the absolute guardianship belongs to Imam Ali and constrained Gurdiaship belongs to Imam Mahdi. The aim of this research that is done in the form of documentary is to explain the views of these two Gnostics about Guardianship.

Since the composition of "myth", the prestigious work of Nima (1301 Lunisolar), the modern poetry in a variety of styles has followed different paths.Perhaps we should admit that this poetry has been diverted from its main path and encountered different short comings. However, in modern literature, Nima is called the father of modern Persian poetry; it seems that hehas failed to reach to the summit of this innovation style. After him, some have reached to the summit of this poetry style, but others either for ridiculous or loving purposes express their feelings in this form that can be reviewed and analyzed. By studying some of this poetry we can classify them as Whitepoetry, Modern poetry Hajm poetry, design poetry etc In fact, many of the modern poets who wanted to deign new style in Persian literature were unfamiliar with complexity of linguistic rules and consider only the form and content of the language. In this field those who reached to the highest points,had the talent of expressing their feelings in this artistic form and they were only a few poets. This article is a critical attempt at different layers of modern poetry by studying some of the linguistic criteria of classical poetry and considering it as a model on modern poetry; therefore, it may be helpful for those who are interested in this field.

All Saadi experts, despite some criticisms, consider him as the great teacher of moral principles and the master of education. Therefore, his lofty status in the spread of moral principals is established in the Persian literature. Saadi has made use of any opportunity to spread moral principals in his works. One of the priorities of moral principals is in his works is calling God and forgiveness. This concept is very obvious in the chapter of advising kings. Therefore, the present article is an attempt for investigating this artistic and moral device in Saadis.

The novel "blindness" which has been written in the domain of magic realism is the most famous novel of Jose Saramago, who is a wellknown Portuguese author. It is the story of people who go blind in a city in a short period of time without any specific reason. This kind of blindness looks like diving into a pool full of milk or White blindness. The author makes use of the allegory of white blindness to show the blindness of human conscience. It seems that the blindness in Saramago’s novel is the high technology that has taken away human insight from thinking deeply about the truth of the life, humanitarianprincipals, and moral values. According to author a lady in the novel who is living among blind people is the only conscious person in the story. This character may show the feministic personality of the author and the important role that women are playing in the society. The novel blindness looks like the story of ‘elephant in the house of Hindus’ written by Mollavi. In this story the elephant is the symbol of materialistic world which represents a very small part of the truth. Attention to this part neglects human beings from other facts in theworld. Saramgo in his novel has tired to show that human beings without an aware person may go astray and transformed into beasts; therefore, human society without acknowledgeable and devoted characters will dive into modern Nihilism.