مجله پژوهش سیاست
پیاپی 23 (پاییز و زمستان 1386)

Philosophy of Hegel was both methaphysical and secular. He tried to theorize the social situation of his time, so he was interested in modernity and its consequences. Modernity started from Renaissance was based on rationality, critical reason, progress thought,disenchantment, individuality, avoiding pre judgemen,..Concentration of this article is on the role of Hegel philosophy on modernity. So it tries to describe the importance of Hegel thought, as one of the most important figures of modernity. Because of the key role of the Hegel's thought on modern philosophy, knowing the modernity withoutunderstanding the Hegel's thought is difficult, if not impossible.

War is one of the man's first social experiences, and, the systemic wars, because of their destructive consequences, are considered as the most key subjects pertaining to international peace and security. The great power's relations are believed to be as one of the most significant subjects in the systemic wars. In this regards, china's behavior and itsinteraction with the great powers considered to be crucial and thus immensely focused by scholars of International Politics. Conceptualized China's behavior therefore, has shaped the path of many current researches. A concise look at the analytical frameworksof China's foreign policy behavior and ways of its interaction with the great powers signify that, despite the current attempts, there is a lack of appropriate intellectual framework for this subject in the discipline of International Politics. Thus, there is a need for serious analytical studies in this domain. This essay tries to introduce the relevant theoretical discussions, including the contending theories in this subject, beginning by the theories which focus on the political domestic developments and their impacts on China's foreign policy orientation, as well as the systemic theories and the mechanism on how these theories analyze China's foreign policy behavior. Lastly, the research presents its chosen perspective.

International crises and ways to deal with them for many years have observed serious attention of the international relations scholars. The main factors in creating a crisis and the conditions that provided the continuation of the crisis, the different levels of analysis and strategies for ending the crisis, are among the most important questions that confront any international crisis we face. Considering that the Darfur crisis is one of the gravest and most complex international crises that led to the deaths of thousands of people and the whole world and international community are affected, this paper selected the Darfur crisis. It has sought to examine the crisis at three levels: micro, middle, and macro factors. With emphasis on individual sicological behaviour and incentives, burucraticrequirements and systemic review. It is the purpose of the article to use the components of symbolic Image theory and rational choice realism for examining the case. The rampant perceived sense of discrimination and injustice among the inhabitants of Darfur, the government intervention in the Sudanese conflict, the special structure of government and ultimately the interests of big global powers, are the main variables that add to the complexity of the darfur crisis. The solution for the crisis should tackle the different layers and factors of the crisis and be a comprehensive plan.

Iran had observed two basic changes in new ages: constitutional revolution and Islamic revolution. This two basic change that are result of new ages, are different from the point of view of quiddity andtargets that their important has been take of reformism approach before constitutional revolution and take of revolutionary approachbefore Islamic revolution. Revolution discourse with aim of change in existing conditions and as ideological discourse, from the beginning, been search Utopia and ideal society out of the ruling structures. This discourse that is include three approach of Islamism, Marxism, and religious modernity, appeared after of year 1941 and under theinfluence modernization in Iran, worldly and regional changes and failure of constitutional revolution in access to its aims, and had choose revolutionary approach in related to modernity and the ruling structures. This article, intend reply to this basic questions that what are causes and process of formation of revolutionary discourse in years after of 1941, and this discourse what is its characteristic and approaches that different it with other revolutions in Iran and world.

The movement of democracy-willing is one of the most important political challenges in the post-colonial periods in Latin America, which is happened in many ways; such as the armed struggles against ruled military regimes, the consisting of social networks for thelimitation of the empowers or authorities of state in social area, the Liberian economical reforms and the permanent changes of states with democratic elections. Although all of the Latin American countries since dependency-day havent been succeeded, for many historical, political, economical and social reasons to obtain a stabile democracy,but they make progresses in term of the democratization of state, as man can claim, today there is no dictatorship rule in the countries of Latin America. While the democracy is not a pure political phenomenon, but it is a multi-dimensions social phenomenon, hisperforming is depended to reinforce of society power against state power. For reinforce of the civil society against authoritarian state at first must be the social per-conditions realized: such as the performing of social networks, the remove of the hierarchical social structures and the institutionalizing of civil culture in the society. Second it isnecessary, the democratic principles to like free market, minimal state to realize and civil Institutions in social area to consist. The upon subjects shape the main framework of dialogs about civil society in Latin America, which are discussed and analyzed in five separated approaches in this article.

Following the occurrence of scientific, industrial and Political Revolutions in Europe between 17/19 Centuries the theoretical Foundation of hereditary rule of political regimes was weakened and states legitimacy was established in the bases of popular will for thefirst time, this idea well-wrought Propound by modernity thinkers Specially by "Contractualists" and later Max Weber would conceptualize the notion as contradiction between traditional and legal rule. This democratic concept developed in past two centuries and with surrender the Non- democratic regimes such as Nazism andFascism ones in the Midst of twentieth century and eventually collapse of the soviet regime at the end of that century it seems that democracy achieved at the peak of its success. But Now, the idea and its resulting political system is confronted by substantial troubles and challenges, so that in the recent decades the famous western politicalthinkers like Hantington, Habermas, Putnam, Dalton, Norrise and so on declared their worry about this situation with special terms as the crisis of legitimacy, Deficit of confidence, Political Stagnation and more importantly the "crisis of Democracy". In this article we have from a comparative Perspective tried to investigate this crisis and itseffects on citizen's political behavior of these trilateral democracies and also it’s global impact on other countries.

The Socrate's life and thought have been surveyed and reinterpreted by different scholars. It seems that the most important questions of the classical and new political philosophy about the political good, human being and society have been owed to the Socrate's thought. This article tries to show that the major part of theoretical challenges in the field of contemporary political philosophy have been depends on theSocrate's thoughts and method. So after a short biography of the Socrate's I will discuss some of his ideas and thoughts about fundamental issues like the importance of questioning, critical thought in the public sphere, the nature of democracy and justice, to show that how his method and ideas still working in the contemporary world.

In this article we classify critical surveys and judges on Parvin Etessami and her poems in three groups. Some scholars have called Parvin a static traditionalist conservative non-revolutionary and nonpolitical poet without any definite and disciplined polito-socialthought. Some others on the contrary have known her a dynamic modern radical militant revolutionary and political poet. Finally between these two spectra some scholars and critics have seen a kind of dichotomy and ambiguity in Pavin`s poems.By discovering this paradox through applying some theoric discourses on political thought political philosophy and ideologies this article claims that Parvin Etessami is neither political nor non-political poet but a responsible one and in her poems we can find this positin inthe form of diverse aspects of responsibility and commitment in relation to ethical social and political issues of Iran and human society.