مجله غدد درون ریز و متابولیسم ایران
سال دوازدهم شماره 6 (پیاپی 54، اسفند 1389)

One of the major concern of the administration of radioiodine is its complications. Pancras has sodium iodine symporter and may concentrate radioiodine. This study compared glucose tolerance in Graves disease patients on continuous treatment with antithyroid drugs, with those who received radioiodine.

In this study, 132 patients with Grave's disease who relapsed after drug therapy were randomly selected on by the patient preference for long-term treatment with either methimazole or radioactive iodine. In each group, fasting blood sugar, glucose tolerance test, and lipid profiles, TSH, insulin, HOMA-IR and HOMA-B were measured.

The two groups showed no significant difference in age sex, BMI and BP. Median FBS and HOMA-IR in the radioactive iodine group were higher than in the methimazole group (94 mg/dl vs. 90 mg/dl, P=0.019) and 1.5(1.2-2.3) vs. 1.3(0.8-2.1, P=0.045, respectively, but after adjustment there was no difference between the two groups; no significant difference was seen in HOMA-B, median two-hour blood glucose and serum insulin levels, between the two groups.

Results indicate no relationship between radioactive iodine treatment and glucose intolerance.

Most linkage and population genetic studies that use microsatellites assume that the polymorphism observed at these loci is due simply to variation in the number of units of a single repeat. These variations guide us in the study of the genetic patterns of some disease. This study reports the allele frequency of 12 microsatellites in Tehranians. Five hundred and ninety-one subjects with an average age of 39±19 years, with and without metabolic syndrome, were selected for investigation of the allele frequency of 12 microsatellites, the D8S1132, D8S1779, D8S514, D8S1743, D11S1998, D11S1304, D11S934, D12S96, D12S1632, D12S329, D16S2624 and D16S3096 using and fragment analysis technique. There are different repeats in the chromosomes studied. Chromosome 8: 10-26.2bp repeats; chromosome 11: 8.1-35bp; chromosome 12: 2-32bp and chromosome 16: 9.2-28bp. The most hetrozygote marker is D8S1132 and the least is D12S96. The most significant findings of this study is reporting allele frequency of some Short Tandem Repeats for the first time in Tehran. In this study some new alleles were found in Iranian subjects, the presence of which may be a tool for genetic association studies in the future.

Lipid level variations are among the most important risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Apolipoproteins play a the key role in lipid metabolism. In the present study the association of XbaI apolipoprotein B polymorphisms on lipid variation was examined. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 849 subjects from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study population. Blood pressure was measured and the body mass index was calculated. TG, Chol, FBS, HDL-C and its subfractions, Apo B and Apo A1 levels were measured, and LDL-C concentration was calculated. A segment of the apo B gene was amplified by PCR and the polymorphism was revealed by RFLP using XbaI restriction enzyme. Allele frequencies obtained for X+ and X- were 27.6 % and 72.4%, respectively and were in the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE). The presence of the X+ allele was significantly associated with increased total cholesterol (X+X+: 193 ± 1.2 mg/ml vs. X-X-: 182 ± 1.2 mg/ml, P 0.022) and apolipoprotein B (X+X+: 116 ± 1.5 mg/ml vs. X-X-: 104 ± 1.4 mg/ml, P 0.024). The associations were significant even after adjustment for age, sex, BMI, smoking, diastolic and systolic blood pressure and fasting blood sugar. The observed allele frequencies were similar to other studies. Considering the association of XbaI polymorphisms with lipids factors, it is important to examine the relationship of Apo B gene variation and similar gene with lipids metabolisms.

Epidemiologic data on the association between legume intakes and chronic disease are sparse. Our objective was to study the association between dietary legume intake and metabolic syndrome and its components.

This case-control study was conducted on 80 subjects newly diagnosed with metabolic syndrome as cases and 160 controls without the metabolic syndrome. The metabolic syndrome in patients was defined based on Adult Treatment Panel III, and biochemical profiles, anthropometric and dietary intakes were documented. Intakes of legumes were determined in the two groups and subjects with metabolic syndrome were divided into four groups according to the cut-offs of legume intake among controls.

Mean age of subjects in the two groups was 41.4 years (range 25-55 y). Mean (±SD) intake of energy-adjusted legume intake was 137.8±13.6 and 130.0±12.2 g/wk (P<0.005) in controls and cases, respectively. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was lower in the highest as compared with the lowest quartile of legume intake, 16.7% and 46.7 respectively (P<0.005). After statistical control for confounders, decreases in triglyceride concentrations, fasting blood glucose, systolic blood pressure, and increase in HDL-C concentration were observed across increasing quartile categories of legume intake. After control for confounding factors, subjects in the highest quartile of legumes intake had a lower chance of having the metabolic syndrome than did those in the lowest quartile (OR 0.27; 95%CI 0.08-0.91).

Dietary legume intake is inversely associated with the risk of having metabolic syndrome and some of its components.

The risk factors of cardiovascular disease (CVD) can be tracked from childhood into adult life. Diet quality exerts a great influence on incidence of these risk factors. The aim of the present study, conducted within the framework of the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study, was to assess the trend of diet quality in relation to the recommendations for prevention of cardiovascular disease during a 6.7 year follow up among children and adolescents. Longitudinal study dietary data for 113 children and adolescents was collected using two 24-hour dietary recalls and a food frequency questionaire during the three study phases of study. Diet quality was compared with dietary recommendations for prevention of cardiovascular disease in children and adolescents(poor, moderate, good diet quality). Trends in diet quality score, were assessed during a 6.7 y of follow up. Mean±SD age of participants was 11.45±4.2. The distribution of subjects in the category of “poor diet quality”increased from 8.8% at the start of the study period to 28.3% and 32.4% in the second and third phases respectively. At the beginning of the study, over 80% of subjects had “moderate quality diet” which decreased to 70% and 65% in the 2nd and 3rd phases respectively. More than 10% of subjects had “good diet quality” which decreased to less than 3% in the 2nd and 3rd phases of the study. A significant decrease was also observed in diet quality of participants in phases 2 and 3 compared to the beginning of the study (p<0.05). Results showed that trend of diet quality of children and adolescent compared to reccomendations for prevention of CVD seem unfavorable.

Considering the important role played by nutrition in pregnancy outcomes weight gain during pregnancy, and overweight/obesity in later life, this study was conducted to assess the weight gain and food consumption patterns in pregnant women of Tehran. Materials and Materials: This study was a cross-sectional study with quota sampling based on the aim (n=265). Data collected by a questionnaire, included two sections: Demographic/socio-economic and 24hour dietary recall, completed by expert interviewers. Mothers’ height and weight were measured and BMI were computed. Pre-pregnancy weight was obtained from the historical files. Statistical analysis was done using Chi-Square, student and paired t-test, Pearson correlation and regression analysis. Of subjects, 57% were normal weight, 15% underweight, 16% overweight and 12% were obese. Mean weight gain in the overweight and obese groups was higher than the recommended level (p<0.01); based on FGP recommendations for pregnant women, they consumed less bread/cereals, and milk/dairy products, and more meat/its alternatives, vegetables, fruits, and sweets/fats. The regression model showed that weight gain during pregnancy increased in the number of children and gestational age and decreased with increase in age and pre-pregnancy BMI. Monitoring weight gain during pregnancy, implementing FGP recommendations and awareness regarding about the proper weight gain are the main strategies for preventing post partum overweight/obesity, especially in obese and older women.

Previous studies showed that inflammation is an important factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. IL-1β, IL-6, and HS-CRP are biomarkers with a predictive value in cardiovascular disease. Considering that the effects of resistance training at moderate and high intensity on inflammatory markers have not been studied, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of resistance exercise intensities on levels of IL-1β, IL-6, HS-CRP and fibrinogen.

Thirty healthy young male volunteer students were randomly divided into 3 groups of 10 participants each. Groups I and II performed moderate (45-55% 1RM) and high intensity (80-90% 1RM) resistance exercise for 6 consecutive weeks (3 days/week) respectively. Group III, was the control group. Seven exercise stations were employed per session. The rest intervals between the sets of the protocols and stations were 1-2min and 3min respectively. Serum levels of IL-1, IL-6, HS-CRP and plasma level of fibrinogen were assessed before and after resistance training periods. Statistical analysis of data was accomplished using analysis of variance with repeated-measures design.

There were no significant differences in serum levels of IL-1 and IL-6 before and after the training period. HS-CRP was decreased in groups I and II, but this was not significant (p>0.05). Post test, however, HS-CRP in the two exercising groups was significantly lowered (p=0.008), compared to the control group. Plasma levels of fibrinogen decreased significantly in the high intensity resistance exercise group.

In conclusion, short term resistance training can have beneficial effects on serum levels of some proinflammatory markers in healthy young males. In addition high intensity resistance training decreases plasma level of fibrinogen.

Ghrelin and obestatin are orexigenic and anorexigenic peptides, respectively, which are believed to be important in the regulation of energy homeostasis and body weight control. The purpose of this study was to clarify the possible mechanisms of resistance training in energy homeostasis and weight control. Twenty-seven female college students, age 22±1.54 yr, and body mass index 20.76±1.86 kg/m2 (mean±SE) were randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Subjects performed circuit-resistance training protocol with 40% and 80% 1RM for 4 weeks. Circulating levels of total ghrelin, obestatin, ghrelin to obestatin ratio and glucose were measured before and after 4 weeks intervention for all subjects. One-way ANOVA revealed a higher and significant(P<0.05) post- training change in circulating levels of ghrelin to obestatin ratio as well as plasma obestatin concentrations significantly decreased (P<0.05) in the 80% 1RM group. It seems that resistance training-induced energy deficit in the 80% 1RM group resulted that ghrelin precursor goes to the production of ghrelin. Thus, obestatin secretion is reduced and ghrelin to obestatin ratio is increased to stimulate food intake behavior, compensating for lost energy sources and eventually restoring the body’s energy balance.

Oxidative stress is caused by the imbalance between production of pro-oxidants and the antioxidant defenses. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) can play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. The present study aimed at investigating whether administration of oxytocin ameliorates oxidative stress induced by experimental myocardial infarction in rats. Cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) was induced by occlusion of left main coronary artery of rats for 25 min, followed by a period of reperfusion for 2h. OT at doses of 0.0001-1 μg was administered intraperitoneally 30 min prior to ischemia. Following reperfusion, blood samples were taken for measuring the plasma MDA levels, as an index of lipid peroxidation. We observed a dose-dependent association between dose of oxytocin and plasma MDA. Oxytocin 0.01μg significantly reduced MDA levels as compared to control group. Blockade of specific OT receptors by atosiban attenuated the anti-oxidative effect of OT. The MDA level in the L-NAME and atropine groups were higher than those in the OT group and reach to control group, whereas the MDA levels in the anantin group were same as OT group and significantly lower than those in the control group. Oxytocin has a beneficial effect, mediated by NO and Ach, on cardiac tissue against oxidative damage due to I/R, suggesting that oxytocin can be used to tissue protection against oxidative stress.

Several studies have shown that goiter is more prevalent in females than in males, although before puberty there is no difference between genders, indicating that sex steroids may play a role in thyroid volume. Iodine deficiency may result in an increase prevalence in goiter prevalence but the difference between genders is not clear. This study is a metaanalysis of studies that have compared goiter prevalence between genders at different ages, with differing iodine status.

This is a systematic review and metaanalysis based on Cochrane’ criteria. Databases of MEDLINE-EMBASE-Cochrane and Persian databases of Iranmedex– Magiran- SID- Irondoc were searched and all articles on goiter in both sexes goiter were examined were included.

A hundred and five studies, with total number of 429252 individuals, age range 1-80 y, were included. Odds ratio of female to male goiter was OR=1.39 (95%CI=1.28-1.51), a ratio higher in longstanding iodine insufficient areas, than in areas of recent iodine sufficiency (1.94 vs. 1.36), the difference in iodine sufficient area being non significant. This ratio for grade 2 of goiter was higher than grade 1(1.78 vs. 1.30), and in persons> 15 years old rose significantly, especially in iodine deficient areas.

Goiter is more prevalent in females than in males.

Obestatin, a peptide which is encoded by the same preproghrelin gene as Ghrelin, conveys information concerning the nutritional status and/or the energy stores to the central nervous system. In obese populations, circulating levels of the peptide are altered. Ghrelin, mostly acting through the GH secretagogue receptor GHS-R, is a potent GH secretagogue, an orexigenic peptide and a long-term regulator of energy homeostasis. Obestatin was described for its anorexigenic effects and it’s binding to GPR39. However recent studies do not support the role of obestatin/GPR39 system in the regulation of energy balance. Because exercise training improves the health status of obese individuals and is associated with reduction of body weight, there is growing interest in the effects of exercise on obestatin and whether this peptide may provide better understanding of how exercise improves health. Obestatin levels do not increase in response to acute exercise, and therefore obestatin does not appear to regulate growth hormone (GH) release during exercise. There is some evidence that obestatin levels do not change in plasma following resistance exercise with higher GH concentrations during exercise and decreases in tissues following chronic exercise but not in plasma. This review is focuses on obestatin, by first summarizing it function and it relationship with hormonal and metabolic changes that affect energy balance, and then discussing the effects of acute and chronic exercise on plasma and tissues obestatin concentrations, and the potential mechanisms involved.