پژوهش نامه تاریخ
پیاپی 18 (بهار 1389)

Islamic education began learning the learning of Koran. So it is obvious that there must be a strong connection between Islamic education and religious issues. Emergence of different religions and the demise of Mohammad Rasoul-allah (PBUH), followed the religious, political and social rivalries using historical methodology. This study is intended to clarify the influence of religious rivalries emergence of different faiths and the efforts of religious celergymen to develop social-political influence in emergence of schools. Study of the sources and refrences shows that religions political and social rivalries have been effective in emergence of the first schools. Celergymen, sometimes, in the form of ideological defense, and sometimes for developing a large-scale hnfluence, spending their properties or mulem's or using political force as well as financial of statemen have established schools.

Bakhtiari territories expanded at the time of Qajar,, az mohammad taqikhan chharlang from the tribe "knvrsy" and one if the enemy of alimerdan khan bakhtiari purched many rural areas in fereidan and Brbrvd. And areas such az romhormoz and shushtar bring them capture nad thus the Romhormoz and shushtar biring them capture and thus the range of north and south bakhtiari spread. Mohammad taqi khan in the year 1249 AH didn,t obey fatali shah,s order but at the time of mohammad shah,s reign, shoh Qajar managed to creat discord between the bakhtiaris, rival and was able to a bolish the important rival of Qajar. The overthrew of mohammad taqi khan. leeds to transfer power from chharlong to Haftlang. at the time was able to ruled by nasserdin shah, one of dvrky leaders (haftlang) named hessein Quli khan was able to surpress rivalse and with the govermentar support, his influence across bakhtiari extendad and nicknamed was patriarch. He, as the leader of bakhtiari,s tribe and as the official representative of government, ruled across the bakhtiari,s region and with strong financial and military force arase. From the powerful bakhtiari,s trib, as a powerful military (sardar) came into policy field, but soon the influence and power of this sardar bakhtiaricaused malice and cynical attitude of Qajar,s leaders who themselves deserved to have throne, espically in compared to the old enemy had been "lurs". the malice and intrigue eventully lead to murder hessein Quli khan by nasserdin shah that this had been occurred in the month of rajab 1299 AH. Khvangan bakhtiari during the Qajar,s region had freedom in diversity and the amount of taxes and their economy og region was based on these taxes and road of "lynch

One of the intellectual Constitutionalists aspirations in the late Qujar era was establishment of national bank of Iran that was sign of modernisation, maybe this aspiration comes from negative role of British and Russian banking in Iran. The plan of national bank establishment was presented in the first Constitutional parliament era. But uncooperative royalty members, ministers and merchants for buying stocks, disappointed delegates. Moreover British and Russian governments disagreement was affected this plan and Mohammad Ali Shah coup d'état stopped it. Suggestion of national bank establishment in Iran has been started about 120 years ago, the Nasereddin shah era. In the beginning, Qujar kings did not know the importance of bank, so they gave up this point to British and Russian citizen. Even the right of note publishing allocated to one British Bank. Present paper reviewing Qujar era financial crises and role of foreign banks in Iran, then process of Iranian banking formation and national bank establishment in 1928

One of the Iranain Historiographical traditions is the writing of books about Kings whose lifes coincidented with very effective changes. A sample is a manuscript which its author is Ismael Hosseini Marashi Tabrizi Known as “mir molayem bag” contemporary to Safid kings, Shāh Safi and Shāh Abbas II, a book that we can entile its " Ālam Ārā-yi Shāh Ṭaḥmāsb I". Aiming to explain the events of Shah Tahmasb s period(1523-1576), Author has been writing the events from 1523 till 1573 A.D and with along narative prose & historical reports. Moreover, this manuscript gaves very useful information about political & military situation in Shāh Ṭaḥmāsb era & gives useful informations from social and cultural life of common peoples & etc. The aim of this article is to introduce & analysis of the numerous & meritorious qualities of this manuscript. Because, it is not pay attention to its. Then, this article, briefly, notes to its value & importance by way of sorting & explaining of this manuscript s outstanding properties.

After the issue of the constitutional order by Mozaffaredin Shah and the establishment of the parliament; although Iran was included among the constitutional countries, the arguments between constitutionalists and dictators did not finish. With Mohammad Ali Shah's gaining power and the establishment of the parliament, the two group's confrontation became severe and led to the oppression of the constitution and the closing of the parliament. The subject centering on this research is investigating the effect of the radical association on the evolution of the first parliament The results in this research, show that the fall of the first parliament was the result of the attempts in holding power by constitutional groups in one way and Shah and his supporters in the other. Meanwhile, the radical association became engaged in aggravating the opposition between Shah and the parliament, which unintentionally served for Shah. he, using the Radical as an alibi, could the closing of the parliament temporarily.

The creation of decorative arts and architecture in Timurid age was influenced by some factors the most important of them can be pointed as the following: a. the effect of Iranian culture on Timurid age, b. the transfer of Iranian artists and scientists of other places to Samarkand and their significant role, c. the centrality of Heart in the age of successors of Timor and their support from men of knowledge and art, d. the relation between school art of Heart with other art schools of this era and their accepting effect from the features of Chinese art in various fields. These factors led to such developments in art and architecture of this period that it was called as a renaissance and it is considered as a joint product of all those who have lives in the Timurid era. Cultural and artistic heritage of Timurid opened new horizons to various states including Gurkanid government of India, Shybanian Transoxania, Ottoman Turks, and especially the Safavid dynasty that continued it and brought it to an international fame. The present paper aimed to investigate the emergene of the above mentioned school and its transfer to the Safavid era and the amount of artistic and cultural interactions both in Timurid ank Safavid era on the basis of existing resources and references

Castle Mountain, or Artagovana, glorious natural and human heritage remains from ancient age and Achaemenid dynasty in Qohestan the historic district in the south of Khorasan, the spent bachbone and a long era. This castle in the first centuries of islam went, as one of the shelters and centers Zoroastrian propaganda and centuries later, the most important centers of activity of the Ismailid of Southern Khorasan province. Asfar as the compilation works such as ethics of AKHLAGHE – NASERI by Khajeh Nasir Tusi tale of considerable importance to it. This building as one of the centers advisable for attracting tourism, index makes location and natural landscape castle on the hand, and the other hand remained of buildings and architectural works such as one floor or two floor spaces and embedded trench, water storage, and the wall is stable. Three points above the basic castle are: 1- Background of ancient and historical building as a center of political and intellectual developments in effective land of Khorasan and compared with Alamut castle. 2- Position with beautiful natural space by clearing the height on top of a mountain over five hundred meters. 3- Buildings architecture of this castle that kept clear of the boom has various periods.