نشریه آمایش سرزمین
سال دوم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1389)

Cities have hinterlands which depend on various factors such as economic power, population, distance and etc. Tehran megalopolis has also numerous hinterlands. Tehran as the capital city of the country is considered at the top of urban system hierarchy and has a very special place from economic, political, educational and etc.points of view. All these abilities cause a daily stream of people from the towns in the vicinity entering for work and business and returning home at the end of the day as their activities are over. Also thousands of university students and professors commute between Tehran and suburban towns every day. Considering all of these items definesTehran hinterland. Then the question is that what areas would make Tehran megalopolis hinterland? Because of economics, presentation of services and so on determining Tehran hinterland is of a great importance. This paper shows that towns closer to Tehran are more influenced than other ones. The south, southwest and the west of Tehran aremore likely to be affected as for the ease of access, concentration of population and economic activities.

Analyzing spatial planning system in different countries could help make appropriate decisions to improve functional system of planning in our country. Belgium, inspite of its limited area, has a unique planning system which is derived from political and social condition. Belgium has a federal system which is composed of three culturalsocieties and three economic regions. Spatial planning is in the authority of economic regions and each region has a different planning system. In the article general characteristics of the Belgium, urbanism problems and finally a brief of spatial planning system in the country has been presented.

At the beginning of the twentieth century, most countries in response to the complexities and problems of urbanization began their first actions of spatial planning. Switzerland is not excluded from this list and started spatial planning acts from the lowest level and today, after more than a century, is continuing with emphasis on spatial planningprinciples of sustainability, public and private partnerships and using extensive modeling and simulation techniques and progress. The purpose of this article is to introduce spatial planning system in this country, and consists of three main sections: the first section is a brief introduction on the political, geographical, economical and social situations. In the second section, it examines the background, and difficulties of spatial planning system and section three has put forth some conclusions. Swiss spatial planning system is done in three levels: Confederation, Canton and Communes with emphasis on vertical and horizontal corporation at different levels of planning and autonomy of Cantons.

This article is investigating the town and country planning in Austria. Although according to new definitions spatial planning in Austria has been started during fifties and sixties of the twentieth century, the issue has been set seriously on the Länder's agenda of planning as the main authorities since establishing Austrian Conference On Regional Planning (örok) in 1971.The programs implement at three levels (federal, land and local) in a complex system of power distribution. Federal administration(Bund) isresponsible for higher education, water management, railway transportation, highways and federal roads, mines, forestry and finance. The Länder take responsibility for building laws and zoning, nature protecting, fishing and hunting, agriculture and tax issues. The information is gathered in the regional level and there is coordination among the Bund and adjacentregions in preparing the regional plans and programs. The Länder provide the required recommendations for monitoring the municipalities and urban plans. The communities are the only level which the spatial planning is implemented in the whole area. This level includes 2342 municipalities (sometimes too small) except Vienna and 14 self-ruled cities. At this level the local plans are being proposed that are legally mandatory and they arerequired to anticipate the development principles, instrument and land use classification. The plans should be under surveillance and monitoring of the regional authorities. Accessing the European Union, spatial planning has entered a new era dealing with new political, economic and social circumstances and in accordance with interregional planning and new scopes in Europe Since1995.

Spain has had so many evolutions in its urban planning system and it is one of the countries with regional system. Regarding to its successful experience in this issue, this research tries to look over this system.In this respect, we will introduce the general characteristic of this country and will review urban system in its different levels. At the end, we will point to new urban acts and actions. Results show that despite this country’s activity in all national, regional and local levels, there is a strong planning in regional level. In recent years, it has also established new regulations to bridge the gaps in the urban planning system.

Spatial planning system of a country is the array of its planning systems. Getting familiar with spatial planning system of different countries and their experiences could help for comparison and accommodation so that making decision and defining appropriateplanning system could be done. This article has studied the spatial planning system of Portugal and since there are different factors affecting on the system which are geographical, social, economic, historical and political status, they have been mentioned first and then history of spatial planning and its actual planning with different plansand related rules have been explained. The reasons to select this country are its rapid economic growth and consequently other changes of its spatial planning in recent years.

This paper considers the spatial planning system in Russian Federation. Study of spatial planning system of Russia specifies three different stages from each other. The first phase consists of the sixteenth century until the early twentieth century. In this period, baseof the spatial planning was formed and gradually developed during approximately 400 years. The next phase is devoted to Soviet domination. Under reliance on centralized state power and socialist ideas, spatial planning declines or can be implemented by specific and different opinions. In the third period, from creation of Russian Federation in the late twentieth century to today, territorial planning schemes are adopted at various levels of national, regional and local with emphasis on RF Urban Development Code. This era promises regular move that its perspective is provision of more appropriate context for more consistency, transparency and participation of different actors, implementation and efficiency.