نشریه اطلاعات جغرافیایی (سپهر)
پیاپی 77 (بهار 1390)

The production of urban maps by photogrammetric method, utilizing the automation of all stages and processes, including relative justification, is very important. Despite the many advances made in digital photogrammetry, there is still no reliable way to perform automatic relative justification operation (ARO) on large-scale images of urban areas. In many research and development centers in the world, extensive efforts are being made to secure a consistent formulation for the matching of mapping process. Here, a method is examined and suggested that is special in some ways and is done using linear shear and edge features, surface correspondence and relative justification. This method, in the situation where the correspondence is normal, estimates the parameters of the mathematical model for the feature of two data sets of the feature. When relative justification is used, a single-page model is used to connect the pixels of the selected edges, or, a pair of consecutive images is used for the points of features. In implementing this method, the relative justification parameters are applied, by using a single-page model to evaluate all of the proper image couple, inputs and selection of the most probable solution, in order. As a result, a feature adaptation technique used to resolve the parameter is directly determined.

Politically, the Islamic world can define for itself the role of a global power and thus provide a ground through which the interests of all Islamic member states are derived from the definition and establishment of the "Union of Islamic Countries." The validity and continuance of such a role are due to the following reasons:The enjoyment by the Islamic world of creditable focuses for the creation of power;Having an extrovert ideology that has the ability to plan on a global scale and at least has social acceptability in the realm of the Islamic world;A significant contribution to the global communications network due to the ability to generate meaning;The possibility of upgrading its military organization and turning it into an effective power at the regional level;Having a large geographical area with high population density;Possessing sensitive and influential geopolitics in the global system.
The establishment of the "Union of Islamic Countries" is judged as a major objective at the level of regional systems, and is considered by many to be the most effective structural alternative to the modern world order in the present century.

Gastrointestinal bleeding is a common medical emergency that often leads to hospitalization. Hemorrhage of the upper gastrointestinal part is the most common complication of gastric ulcer (peptic ulcer) (1) with high mortality and cost. In spite of the fact that the physical, psychological and social dimensions of health are affected by the climatic elements, there is no detailed information on the effect of these elements on the incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding in Kerman. Also, the pattern of seasonal fluctuations in gastrointestinal bleeding has not yet been shown. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the relationship between climatic elements such as temperature and atmospheric pressure on the number of gastrointestinal bleeding and its seasonal fluctuations in Kerman. Information about gastrointestinal bleeding of 393 patients recorded in Afzalipour Hospital in Kerman during 2006 and 2007 were studied in relation to seasonal fluctuations and climatic elements such as atmospheric pressure and temperature of the city during the two years mentioned above. Data were analyzed by SPSS software using Pearson correlation coefficient, ANOVA and T test.
The results of the Anova test showed that the number of gastrointestinal bleeding increased in summer and decreased in winter (P = 0.012). Also, Pearson correlation coefficient indicated that there was a direct statistical relation between monthly number of gastrointestinal bleeding cases and mean monthly temperature As with rise in temperature, the number of gastrointestinal bleeding also increased (P = 0.023, r = 0.46). However, the number of gastrointestinal bleeding did not show a significant relationship with the mean pressure of the atmosphere (P = 0.77, r = 0.66).
According to the results of this study, the geographical situation and climatic conditions can be considered as one of the factors associated with gastrointestinal bleeding.

The limitations of the resources and documents related to the sphere of space in the country necessitates the clarification of the status of space in the development of the country and sustainable security, which, while expressing the fundamental and important issues concerning the space technology and space activities of the country, examine the specialized fields in remote sensing and space imaging. Space structure, space legal regime, space functions and space technology are the main topics discussed in this paper.

The daily increase in air travel and the number of passengers, the rapid development of air transportation, and the increase in their extent have created issues in the locating of airports, which require the planning and application of airport and aeronautical knowledge and techniques. Establishing airports, with due regard to thier requirements demanding significant space in the vicinity of a city, requires a great deal of investment. Therefore, its construction requires a comprehensive economic, social, political and environmental study, and its location should be appropriate in terms of natural, geological and meteorological conditions. For this purpose, in this paper, while presenting the standard indexes in the location of airports, we also examine the problems of Mehrabad Airport.

Today, microwave remote sensing is very important in the investigation and monitoring of the surface of the earth and its features. The microwave remote sensing is basically dependent on the accurate recognition of the interactions of these waves with different levels of the earth, such as soil, water, vegetation, etc. Without such recognition, it is not feasible to adopt efficient and effective methods of passive defense in order to preserve vital, sensitive, and important centers. In this paper, we study the interaction of microwaves with the main components of the earth's surface.

Rural development is essential not only because of the large number of inhabitants living in villages, but also in order to achieve comprehensive development of the country. On the other hand, the complexity of the issue of rural development requires a comprehensive effort by the government, brokerage firms and organizations and the people. What is certain is that different villages differ in terms of facilities, environmental infrastructure, social, economic and cultural conditions. Therefore, it is not possible to recommend a single and effective rural development model or strategy, and any society should adopt different rural development approaches and strategies according to conditions and priorities.
The general objective of this paper is to examine the main approaches and strategies of rural development, especially in the developing world, including strategies that have social or economic orientation, as well as spatial strategies. The research method in this paper is documentary and we have utilized secondary studies and electronic sources. In this study, a brief description of rural development is presented and then the approaches and strategies of rural development are described from different points of view.
From the studies and examinations carried out in this regard, it can be concluded that an approach can be successful in responding to needs and pushing the village towards a sustainable rural development provided that it emphasizes the sustainability of development and, at the same time, its criteria are permanent, all-round, and beyond the attention to the present and the needs of today.

Ardestan (located in Isfahan province) is one of the counties whose population has always faced fluctuations during the past years. Considering the low population growth rate in Ardestan, it is expected that in 2016 its population will reach about 411 thousand people. Immigration is one of the important causes of population fluctuations in this city.

Today, tourism as a clean industry in a modern and postmodern world is able to play an important and effective role in the sustainable development of human societies by creating employment and increasing national income.
Based on this fact, the present article, while describing current situation, aims to present an estimate of the industry’s role in creating occupational opportunities and national income in the 2020 horizon through answering a number of questions by taking advantage of secondary studies and analyzing the latest official statistics provided by accredited national and international authorities.
The results show that, despite the undeniable impacts of tourism on the above mentioned indicators, we unfortunately see a negative balance of trade in much of the time period studied due to the imbalance between the statistics of tourists entering and leaving the country. This imbalance might be compensated for only through a review of the current policies, the formulation and implementation of structural-functional strategies in this field.

The severe damages to watersheds due to the disproportionate development of Tehran's metropolitan area have led to the anticipation of an environmental disaster in Tehran and other habitats affected by it such as the Farahzad valley, Hesarak and ... in the not-so-distant future. Farahzad valley, as one of the structural elements of the earth (ecological corridors or habitat spots) has an effective role in providing ecological services to its neighboring beds and to the city and has a special geographical and ecological position due to the neighboring Alborz Range And the presence of mountain valleys; urban areas should gradually become sustainable settlements for the lives of humans. This means that urban management should be more committed to an appropriate and balanced relationship between cities and their surrounding environment. With these kinds of environmental considerations, the city's crises can be prevented or at least reduced in severity.
In this study, the Farahzad area has been studied as a sample. Through field studies and the study of existing documents, the causes of the destruction of this bed in time, and its potentials through the whole watercourse have been identified, and suggestions have been presented in two macro (throughout the watercourse) and micro scales for optimal use of these natural beds Within the city.

Our cities and villages had once been the best examples of sustainability. Considering the ecological limitations of places such as water, attitudes such as development compatible with nature, saving resources, using indigenous materials, developing effective methods for survival such as aqueducts and windbreaks, and ... were considered as examples of approaches sustainable and compatible with environmental potentials. But the increase in population and the rise in material and spiritual demands of man and the change in attitude toward nature, have greatly eliminated this balance. This situation appears more critical in environments with higher natural limitations.
The city of Ferdows is one of those environments that locates on the outskirts of the desert and faces many problems. With the increasing trend of population growth in the current way and the continuation of production trends in the traditional way, the continuity of life in this part of the country will be faced with many barriers. This paper intends to reduce some of the existing pressures and threats by introducing unused capabilities of the city and how to exploit them.

Our country, Iran, as one of the areas in the world most prone to earthquakes, needs careful attention to housing construction and its technical requirements of safety. Meanwhile, considering rural dwellings in terms of the use of durable or non-durable materials is of paramount importance.
Accordingly, this research investigates and analyzes the rural dwelling in the county of Baft.
The purpose of this research is to identify the type of rural dwellings in the county with regard to the facilities and environmental potentials and the way the natural materials available in the region are used in the construction of rural housing, by which attempt to obtain a comprehensive knowledge of the resistance of rural dwellings to natural disasters, especially earthquakes. The research method is "descriptive, analytical and surveying" which has been carried out by studying a number of villages in the county and using secondary and documentary studies. The research findings show that in most of the villages of the county, indigenous materials, especially clay and mud, have been used regardless of technical points in the construction of housing, which makes the vulnerability of rural settlements more threatened by earthquake hazards.

Most people have ambiguous perceptions of geography. Many people think of geography as a science that merely studies mountains, rivers and nature. But since geography was introduced as a science and academic discipline and has played an important role in the advancement and development of places, different views on geography have emerged among people. This scientific discipline has two main dimensions, namely, nature and man. These two dimensions mutually affect each other. In the human dimension, both men and women have important and major roles in affecting and being affected by the nature. Considering this fact, the role of gender in geography is emphasized, which has made one of the branches of geography, geography of gender, to be paid significant attention to by scientific and academic circles.
Therefore, considering the role that human beings play in the development and planning of a geographic location, this role has been viewed as a unilateral and one-dimensional role in most societies, and women have not been as influential as men in gaining important occupations and influencing the planning process for development. Although in some countries they have obtained a significant role thanks to liberal democracy, they are still lagging behind in most societies. The purpose of this research is to investigate the role of gender and its impact on the advancement and development of societies. This paper has been carried out by descriptive-analytical method and the findings of the research are obtained by reviewing library documents. The main question in this article is: Is equality of sexes considered in geographic development of places? And its main hypothesis: equality between the two sexes (men and women) has a diminishing value and credibility in the geography of places.

Rapid urbanization as a result of population growth and migration from village to city, is considered a critical process in urban areas. This study examines the dynamics of the landscape using multi-time satellite images of two cities, the Houston of the state of Texas in the United States and Daqing of the state of Heilongjiang in China. Although the two cities have been in different socio-political contexts, the development of both has been based on oil over the last 50 years. By comparing the pattern and dynamics of the landscape in these two cities, we can understand that urbanization in these two oil cities has been effective in landscape pattern, especially in the natural landscape. A series of landscape indicators are selected along with ecological complementary concepts for ease of analysis of spatial dynamics during a 20-year interval. Based on the obtained indicators, a general trend in the changes of the landscape in these two cities has become evident. Since human landscape, such as residential areas, is widely replaced by other natural classes, natural landscapes such as pastures and wetlands have been eroded or have been cut into inconsistent patterns.

Growing urban population, unpreparedness of urban areas to respond to the needs of community and partial views and trends of planning have led to serious economic, social, environmental and physical problems in the cities. Hundreds of millions of poor people today have very few options for their lives in unsafe, unsanitary towns lacking basic facilities. Based on this, City Development Strategy (CDS) was developed by the Coalition for Cities to resolve some of these issues.
The urban development strategy is an effective approach to create collective decision-making processes in developing countries and to reduce the overall poverty level and ensure sustainable development. This paper uses descriptive-analytical method to examine first the attitudes of the Coalition for Cities and then the practical experiences of city development strategy (CDS) in the world. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the CDS experiences in the world in order to help urban planners to improve the quality of life and residence of citizens. In this research, the practical experiences of CDS in Phnom Penh, Shen Yang, Amman and Urada, Santo Andre have been analyzed.