مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بابل
سال سیزدهم شماره 5 (پیاپی 62، شهریور 1390)

Antibody production against to protective antigen (PA) can be helpful in immunotherapy and anthrax treatment. The carboxyl terminal part of PA has the most important playing in immune system induction. The objective of this study is cloning and recombinant expression of carboxyl site of protective protein for antibody production.

In this experimental study after DNA extraction from Bacillus anthracis, the presence of PA gene on bacterial chromosome was confirmed by PCR method. The site of carboxyl terminal from PA protein amplified by PCR method, then PCR productions and plasmid were cut out by BamH I and Hind III restriction enzymes. PCR production and plasmid transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3). Clones containing gene of interest was determined by PCR reaction, enzyme digestion and sequencing. Moreover, the production of recombinant proteins was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and western methods.

The sequence of carboxyl terminal part of PA was confirmed by sequencing, PCR and enzymatic digestion method which suggestion to intended gene cloning in E. coli BL21 (DE3). SDS-PAGE and western blotting confirmed the production of recombinant protein with 20 KD in molecular weight.

According to the results of this study, this recombinant protein can be produced in high levels by this method, which opens a new window for vaccine and monoclonal antibody production against the intended disease.

Colonization of helicobacter pylori bacteria on the surface of the gastric epithelium causes acute and chronic inflammatory process. The reason why Helicobacter pylori cause different gastroduodenal diseases and why some people with helicobacter infection develop peptic ulcer is not clear. This study was performed to compare the gastrin and serum IgG antibody level between two groups with and without peptic ulcer. This case control study was performed on 106 dyspeptic patients referred to endoscopy unit in Shahid Beheshti hospital of Babol, Iran. For each participant blood samples were obtained for the measurement of IgG antibody and gastrin. Fifty four patients were positive (case group) and 52 patients were negative (control group) for peptic ulcer in endoscopy. All who were positive for H. pylori by means of histological detection were enrolled into the study. Then the results were separately compared between the groups. The other factors including age, sex, weight and height of patients were enrolled in the study. Mean age of patients in ulcer group was 46.7±13.4 years and in control group was 42.7±12.7 years. Mean gastrin level in case group was 8.9±11.8 pmol/lit and in control group was 11.9±14.9 pmol/lit (p=0.4). Mean IgG antibody to H. pylori in case group was 18.8±25.2 Iu/ml and in control group was 30.8±36.3 Iu/ml (p=0.05). The mean IgG antibody and gastrin levels in control group were higher than case group. There was no correlation between the level of antibody or serum gastrin and ulcer formation and other factors like weight, height, sex and age. Our study showed that the level of IgG antibody or serum gastrin in serum could not predict the possibility of developing ulcer. More studies in different age groups and correlation with histopathology is recommended.

The beneficial effects of regular exercise in preventing and treating many chronic diseases are known. Considering that the beneficial effects are lost with exhaustion, the purpose of this study was to determine the antioxidative effects of cinnamon bark extract (CBE) supplementation in attenuating markers of oxidative stress induced by an exhaustive exercise in male rats. Eighteen male rats (200-300gr) were randomly assigned to: (control group) without treatment; (exhaustive exercise group) the rats run on a treadmill to exhaustion in the last session; and (supplemented group) the rats supplemented with 200 mg/kg/day of CBE for 10 weeks and run on a treadmill to exhaustion in the last session. After exhaustion of rats, blood samples were collected, then total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was measured by FRAP (Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma) method, plasma thiol concentration and level of malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in the serum samples by a colorimetric method (Hu) and by TBARS (Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances) method respectively. GPX activity was determined using washed red cell based on Paglia and Valentine method by GPX kit. Compared to control group (62.01±12.7) activity of GPX in exhaustive group (91.95±18.58) was increased (p<0.05). Compared to exhaustive exercise (2.09±0.26), significant decrease in serum level of MDA in supplemented group (1.20±0.24) and control group (1.25±0.17) was observed (p<0.01). The decrease of plasma thiol concentration in exhaustive group (0.054±0.002) ratio of supplemented group (0.18±0.04), (p<0.01) and control group (0.14±0.03), (p<0.05) was significant. Compared to control group (0.31±0.05), the significant elevation of serum TAC in supplemented group (0.55±0.08) was observed (p< 0.01). According to results of current study, CBE supplementation before an exhaustive exercise decreased lipid peroxidation and improved anti-oxidative potential in rats.

Mechanical preparation of root canal system is an important objective of root canal therapy. Many rotary devices have been produced to decrease instrumentation time and improve its quality.The purpose of this study was to compare apical transportation in root canal treatment with three methods of hand, reciprocal and rotary (Race) instrumentation.

In this experimental study 45 extracted human mandibular first molar were selected. The crown was cut at CEJ. The roots were mounted in acrylic resin material. The roots had a 20-40 degree canal curvature. Teeth were randomly divided into 3 groups. Group one was prepared with hand method and NiTi files, group two was prepared with Endogripper handpiece and NiTi files, group three was prepared with Race rotary system. By superimposing the initial file and MAF radiography the apical transportation was evaluated (double exposure radiography method).

Race rotary system (group 3) had prepared canals without transportation and deviation in the original shape of canals. NiTi hand files (group 1) had prepared canals with 8 apical transportations out of 15 root canals. Reciprocal handpiece with NiTi files had prepared canals with 7 apical transportations. Race rotary system was prepared canals with significant the least apical transportations than other groups (p<0.05).

The results showed that original canal shape in apical region had minimum transportation with race rotary system compare with hand or reciprocal preparation.

Noise-induced hearing loss remains as the most common problem in industrial societies. This research was conducted to study noise-induced hearing loss by distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs). This study was carried out on 12 male New Zealand White rabbits including control (exposed to noise) and experimental (exposed to 95 dBA SPL white noise at 500-8000 Hz for 8 hours per day during 5 consecutive days). DPOAEs were measured and compared in days zero (before exposure as baseline), eighth (experimental: an hour after latest exposure to noise for Temporary Threshold Shifts: TTS), tenth (experimental: 48 hours after latest exposure to noise for Permanent Threshold Shifts: PTSs). The most and the least values of TTSs, PTSs and DPOAEs amplitude in noise group were correspond to frequencies of 5888.50 Hz and 588.00 Hz, respectively (p<0.05). There was a significant difference between TTSs, PTSs and DPOAEs amplitude at different frequencies in right and left ear of noise group (p<0.05). This difference was related to frequency 5888.5 Hz in each of right and left ear of noise group compared to other frequencies in same ear (p<0.05). There were not any significant difference between TTSs, PTSs and DPOAEs amplitude of right and left ear of noise group at different frequencies (p>0.05). Excessive noise can cause TTSs and noise-induced PTSs and decreased DPOAEs amplitudes. Therefore, DPOAEs can be attributed as a useful tool for study of noise-induced hearing loss.

Intense physical activity and psychological stress cause the suppression of mucosal immune system in athletes, since the suppression of this system influences on athlete's ability for training and match so the aim of this study was to compare the mucosal immune responses in soccer players in half time and full time soccer match. This quasi-experimental study was performed on 22 soccer players of two Iranian teams of second division soccer league with mean age of 21±2 years, BMI 24.6± 2.1 kg/m2, VO2max 51.1±3.3 ml.kgm-1.min. Four ml unstimulated saliva samples were collected during 4 minutes before, between the two halves and full time and immediately after match. Changes of immune parameters between the two halves and full time of the match were compared. There was not a significant difference in indicators IgA, mucosal osmolality, cortisol, saliva rate and IgA to osmolality ratio between the two halves and full time of the match (p<0.05). On the other hand, from start to finish of the match, there was a significant increase in osmolality rates (87.47 to 106 mOsmol.kg-1) and salivary cortisol (3.31 to 3.83 ng.ml-1) and also a significant decrease in salvia flow rate (459.52 to 376.43µl. min(, IgA concentration (199.65 to 170.68 mg.1-1)(p=0.000) and IgA to osmolality ratio (2.28 to 1.61 µg.mOsmol-1, p=0.002). However no difference in the solute secretion rate has been found (40.19 to 39.90 µOsmol. min, p=0.861). According to the results of this study, we can claim that time factor can have inappropriate effects on mucosal immune function and soccer players must pay attention to the recovery between the two halves and after match.

Diabetes is the most common medical disease in pregnancy. In the first of 20th century the most of diabetic women were infertile and some women who got pregnant had a poor prognosis, but now Insulin therapy increases the chance of pregnancy. The aim of this study was to compare maternal and neonatal morbidity in diabetic pregnant women with control group.

This cohort study as simple sampling was done on 80 pregnant women with diabetes who were under treatment and 160 non diabetic pregnant women during 2 years. Data including maternal and neonatal characteristics and morbidity were recorded and compared.

The mean age of patients in diabetic women and control group was 30.3±6.6 and 26.1±4.8 years, respectively. Gravid, parity, live birth, presentation and morbidity showed no significant difference between diabetic and control group. Percent of abortion in diabetic group (n=24, 30%) was significantly higher than control group (n= 9, 11.3%) (p=0.000). Percent of cesarean section and the mean of birth weight in diabetic group were significantly higher than control group (p<0.05).

Although diabetes is the commonest medical disease in pregnancy but good control of blood sugar can reduce the maternal and neonatal morbidity.

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is one of the most frequent metabolic diseases which is transmitted as autosomal recessive pattern due to phenylalanine hydroxylase deficiency. Appropriate diet with restricted phenylalanine is the base of treatment. According to some difficulties in our country for these patients and limited native studies exist about the results of such treatment means protein limitation and replacing an expensive and unavailable foods, this study was designed to evaluate nutritional status with calculating the calorie, protein, carbohydrate and fat of patients’ diet and iron storage and iron deficiency anemia in PKU patients. This is a cross sectional study which evaluated all of the PKU patients in Mazandaran province during 2009-2010 in metabolic clinics in Babol and Sari, Iran. Nutritional status was evaluated according to 72 hours diet recall sheet which the patient or his/her parent recorded all of the nutrients that was eaten within 3 days then nutritional contents: carbohydrate, protein, fat and calories were evaluated by nutritionist. Demographic information was studied according to questionnaire and iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia was studied according to blood sample and measurement of hemoglobin, hematocrit MCV, MCH, MCHC, Ferritin and response to treatment with ferrous sulfate. Twenty one PKU patients were studied which 7 ones (33.3%) were female and 14 ones (66.7%) were male with mean age of 7.26±6.64 years. Iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia was present in respectively in 10 (47.1%) and 6 patients (28.6%). Deficiency of energy, protein, carbohydrate and fat was seen in 9 patients (42.86%), 14 patients (66.67%), 9 patients (42.86%) and 6 patients (28.57%), respectively. 23.8% of patients were underweight, 23.8% of patients were microcephal and 4 patients (19%) were short stature. The results of this study showed that the nutritional status and growth of patients was not good, so attention to nutritional demands in PKU patients to reduce malnutrition and iron deficiency is essential.

Pharmaceutical care unit of hospital structures are inalienable components and all activities related to medicine in the hospital must be done under the supervision of this unit. Regarding the importance of medical staff knowledge level about adverse drug reaction, this study was conducted to assess personnel knowledge and to estimate effectiveness of staff training about drugs. This prospective interventional study was conducted on 96 nurses in Shahid Beheshti hospital of Kashan, Iran. The nurse's knowledge level about rational drug prescription was evaluated before and after staff training via questionnaire by hospital pharmaceutical care unit. All participants in this study were nurses and 67 (70%) were at bachelor level. The majority of nurses knew little about the adverse drug reaction (ARD) and also pharmaceutical care unit. Medical books and doctors were known to be the only sources of information and consultation (66%). All nurses were trained by affective learning materials about drug information and the importance of pharmaceutical care unit in hospital. At the end of education, the results showed that all nurses believed consultation with the clinical pharmacist and hospital pharmaceutical care unit were best sources for getting drug information. Due to low awareness about drug administration in health personnel, it is necessary to increase their knowledge about drug administration and the necessity of drug consultation service for better collaboration between pharmacists and other health personnel in order to provide better health service.

The substernal goiter is a condition in which more than 50% of thyroid gland extended to the mediastinum. In this study the clinical symptoms, diagnosis, treatment and the surgical complications in 22 patients were assessed. In this cross-sectional study the recorded files of all patients who went under thyroidectomy operation in Shahid Beheshti and Yahyanejad hospitals in recent 15 years (from 1994 to 2009) were assessed. Twenty six patients had substernal thyroid and their age, sex, pathology, symptoms, method of thyroidectomy, the postoperation complications, mortality and type of incision were evaluated. Four files from 26 files were excluded from study because of information deficits. Twenty two patients were included in the study. 77.3 of them (17 cases) were female. Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy was seen in one patient. The most common symptom in 72.7% of patients (16 cases) was dyspnea. Pathology reports in 9 % of patients (2 cases) showed malignancy and in 91% (20 cases) were benign. All operations were done with cervical incision. According to the results of this study, the substernal goiter is often curable and the operation complications rarely happen.

Congenital hypothyroidism is a neonatal disorder that late diagnosis and treatment of it can be resulted to mental retardation and irreversible brain damage. Neonatal goiter is a rare condition that can be associated with hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism. The aim of this report is early diagnosis and treatment. CASE: In this article we report two female twins that had goiter and prenatal diagnosis by ultrasonography had been documented for them. At third days of life patients with diagnosis of congenital hypothyroidism treated with Levothyroxin. Now they are 10 months old and developmentally normal. Size of goiter has been reduced and thyroid function tests are acceptable. Results of this report revealed that in conditions that prenatal management of fetal goiter is not available; brain damage in patients can be prevented by early etiologic diagnosis of neonatal goiter and early treatment of dyshormonogenesis.

Infantile osteopetrosis is a rare genetic fetal and metabolic congenital osteo- disorder. It results from dysfunction or lack of osteoclasts. Most of patients die from anemia, bleeding and infection. The present article is a case report of malignant infantile osteopetrosis that occurred first time in Bojnord, Iran. The aim of this report is to clarify clinical manifestation of osteopetrosis, and can be helpful to diagnosis rapidly and manage sufficiently in future.CASE: A 2-month female baby with infantile osteopetrosis was referred with growth retardation, severe abdominal distention, petitia and purport. Osteopetrosis was confirmed with clinical and paraclinical examinations. She was treated with blood and PLT transfusion and discharged in good general condition. The results of this study showed that early detection and interventions can decrease mortality and morbidity in infantile osteopetrosis.