فصلنامه علوم اجتماعی
سال هجدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 52، بهار 1390)

This study is based on a survey which has been carried out to analyze the relation of understanding religion and religious commitment (type and rate) to democratic values and has been conducted with 707 male and female students of Tehran public universities during February and March 2008. The theoretical framework of the study is derived from Jorgen Habermas’ theory on interaction between religious and secular people to meet the values of modern society. However, because the types of religiousness are not determined in Habermas’ theory, another theory – William Shepard's – has been used too, which is appropriate for the conditions of Islamic countries such as Iran. The survey has revealed that there is substantial difference between student's understanding of religion (types of religiousness) and their attitude towards democratic values and as a whole independent variables of the survey may explain 30% of dependent variables (attitude toward democratic values). Moreover, religiousness variables (understanding and commitment) is in inverse proportion to the attitude towards democratic values, that is, the more religious people tend to be more traditional and more pessimistic toward democratic values. Furthermore, the direct and indirect effects of both of variables (understanding and commitment) on the attitude toward democratic values have been analyzed and the results reveal that the attitude is more affected by understanding of religion than religious commitment.

Having close relation with development, democracy, social capital and civil society, Participation (cooperation) has been focused rigorously in recent decades.Complexity of Iranian society and fewness of queries which study this society non-ideologically, has caused different, even contradictory expressions about cooperation and noncooperation of the Iranians; the dispute that formally started referring to the claim of Mrs. Lambton –in late half century- on individualism of Iranian peasants, and is going on yet.The method of this research is meta-analysis. About 76 articles were analyzed. Results reveal that political participation has been the most important mental distress of writers, and also most of the articles that have expressed Iranian cooperation, believe that a turning point happened in recent century. About 83 percent of researches who have expressed participation of women believe that rate of Iranian women participation is low. Results of chi-squares test show that there is a significant correlation between using quantitative/qualitative method and the rate of participation.

Poverty is one of the major factors that may contribute to inability of the household or certain members within the households, for obtaining adequate food to fulfill their basic nutritional requirement. This phenomenon known as food insecurity has quantitative, qualitative, psychological, and social dimensions. Food insecurity is affected by factors that influence economic resources of the household. Trying to understand food insecurity among vulnerable in urban society of Iran, this study investigates the relation of demographic and social factors with severity of food insecurity among a sample of 300 households, under coverage of Relief Committee of Emam Khomeini in district 20 in the city of Tehran. According to findings, 98.6 percent of the samples had experienced different levels of food insecurity. While 37.3 percent experienced severe food insecurity, the insecurity at household and adult levels was more prevalent in comparison with child level. Therefore based on Radimer et.al, food insecurity is a managed process. When a household faces food insecurity, mother (and other adults) reduce their quality and quantity of food to prevent children's food insecurity. Deteriorating quality and quantity of children's intakes doesnt occur until more sever stages. In this research, gender of household head, sickness of one of the household members, family size, education level and occupation of household head were identified as the most important contributors to severity of food insecurity among urban households.

As PhD thesis, comparative Studying of legal systems of Afghanistan, Iran and Turkey for press regulations lay out this paper. While first and last legislations in Afghanistan were in 1924 and 2005, although Iran and Turkey has a longer history of press laws, the study focused on this period among three countries. By content analysis of limited and shared nonprobable cases, researchers tried to study freedom of press in these legal systems.Results reveal that freedom of press has increased in Turkey since 1982 and in Afghanistan scince 2001. These two countries referring to freedom of press theory have used announcement regulations for founding and running press, while Iran yet has used previous permission regulations for stablishing and organizing press, referring to Islamic theory and somehow partial development theory.

Issue of leisure always has been at the heart of health and gender studies. Considering women's roles in public and private spheres, necessitate an academic study of Iranian women. This article comprises answering two major questions: How much do women have leisure time? Which factors effect on their satisfaction of leisure? Independent variables are: Social and economic status, the influence of husbands on their decision making for leisure, participation of husbands in housework and having kid. Data gathered through survey research from 117 of married employed women at AllameTabatabei University.Findings indicate average rate of satisfaction, significant correlation between having kid and satisfaction of leisure, also social, economic status and satisfaction. Article suggests that improvement of women's leisure rely on indisputable abstract and concrete factors which require cultural work rather than financial ones.

This article investigates attracting cultural tourists in Iran. Article's claim is that Iran has not provided enough facilities for cultural tourist in spite of many historical landscapes and cultural attractions. So the main question of this study is that: Why cultural tourism industry has not succeeded in Iran? The research method was social survey. The sample popis cultural tourists who entered Isfahan city and stayed in hotels from August 2008 to March 2009. The sulation ample size is equal to 300. The research hypotheses were tested by regression analysis method. Empirical findings indicate that correlation coefficient of tourist's attraction with tourism culture, teaching the tourism culture, security and attractions of destination is equal to 0.47.

The main goals of the present article are the study of the relation between traditional civil society and constitutional revolution and examine the rate of explicability of this relation according to theories of the mass society and the plural society.For this purposes, firstly the methodology and two related theories about civil society and revolution are explained. Then the most important events, those led to constitutional revolution are reviewed. The other section of article is focused on introducing components and indices of tradition civil society. In final phase, various reasons for the inexplicability of relation between the tradition civil society and the constitutional revolution according to the theory of mass society and the theory of plural society are presented and analyzed.Findings through documentary method and comparative technique show that:There was a strong traditional civil society in the Iranian society at the age of constitutional revolution, which is not explicable referring to mentioned theories.The tradition civil society in that era could not stabilize Iranian society and prevent social revolution in it, while as the theory of plural society anticipate such about the American society. The reasons of this dysfunction came out from significant differentiations between traditional civil society and modern civil society (in the indices and perspectives like): Iranian weak state, dysfunctions of organizations and institutions of civil society, unification of the civil society and the political society, lake of independent social classes, organizational exclusion of social groups, violent actions of the traditional civil society and absence of a active public sphere. Although in the constitutional revolution, as a mass society, mass political behaviors were formed also elites were succeeded to mobilize non- elites against government, but Iranian society in the age of constitutionalism were different from mass society in several ways:The mass behavior was not concluded from atomization of individuals, because of strong tribal and ethic solidarity and the kinship relationships. There was not a total ideology for the mobilization of mass against the monarchy, and the social groups are followed different interests and motivations to oppose the government.