مجله جهانی رسانه - نسخه فارسی
پیاپی 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1385)

This paper deals with issue such as Interactivity, hypertext, and multimedia that are now the most striking features of the World Wide Web. These features have caused some changes in gathering, processing, dissemination and reading of the news dramatically. This development brings about a new kind of journalism much different from the traditional one. This type of journalism, now known as electronic journalism, are potentially characterized by informing rather than persuading the reader, more control and activity by the reader, two-way communication rather than one-way communication, and flexible rather than set times for the user. However, it is claimed here that not all aspects of the electronic journalism are positive and promising. The new electronic technology has provided some perspectives and opportunities. There are nevertheless some problems and concerns involved. For example, neglecting objectivity standards, low credibility of the news resources, lack of required and expected degree of being free to criticize political and economic power are the predictable problems, at least for the near future. More importantly, one cannot consider the electronic journalism and the role it plays in social and political changes without its interaction with a typical citizen.

Examination of feature films before and after Khordad the second of year 1997 shows that the content of most movies made after this date is in relation to women subjects. The question that raises here is that considering the difference between cultural politics in the two periods, how representation of women would be different in respect to their contents and subjects. Theoretical framework of this article is the reflection theory in sociology of art. This theory is based on considering art as a mirror, which reflects social characteristics of a given society. The method is documentary using the technique of quantitative content analysis. Our hypothesis is that “there is a meaningful difference between representation of women in two periods before and after Khordad the second”.

The objective of this paper is to examine the patterns of leisure activities and satellite and musical preferences of Tehran's youth, as components of modern social differentiation and identification, using field research data. In particular, the aim is to probe the fact that whether activities, pertaining to the sphere of the youth consumption, follow from a particular mode(s) and social structure. On other words, whether can we speak of the formation of youth subcultures in the society? Alternatively, not these activities are individualized. The findings indicated ten patterns in terms of leisure activities, three patterns in terms of musical preferences three patterns with regard to satellite interests. These activities and patterns are generally having statistically significant association with the respondent's situational backgrounds. The analysis of the data rejected the hypothesis that the respondent's leisure activities and tastes have individual character. Instead, the hypothesis, emphasizing that these activities and tastes are often affected by social structure, were confirmed. The findings made clear that these activities are conditioned much more by structural constrains. That is, the respondent's leisure activities and tastes have social character and are taken place in a social context where they can find a chance to form their own identity and accordingly to obtain their independence from their parents. With regards to differential patterns in the respondent's leisure tastes, art and media consumptions, the paper concludes that the society are experiencing the emergence and promotion of a new phenomenon so-called the youth culture within the dominant culture. This, in turn, implies the fact that the country's youth formal cultural policies have not been so successful in harmonizing the youth tastes and interests with the society's dominant culture.

This paper is an attempt to point out those challenges and obstacles brought about by structural and interpersonal communications, in order to recommend ways of overcoming such obstacles. It also suggests ways of establishing effective communication behaviours within an organisation. To be clear, from the early childhood human beings know how to communicate with their surrounding environment. They also have the ability to avoid what might threat their powers and advantages and they are naturally capable of creating new opportunities for themselves. This experience will teach them the limits of being offensive or defensive once they face the communication circumstances. Considering the recent changes in organizational patterns, where socialising plays an important role in our society, there are quite a few structural and interpersonal obstacles that might threat the organisational communication and effective communicative behaviours.

This paper maintains that media are involved in all stages of foreign policy formulation processes and that political leaders take media role into consideration in its national and international aspects. Moreover, the paper argues that this double-edged media environment is considered mainly in the publication, or media management stage. The involvement of the media in this decision-making process is complex. When an external, international event occurs, political leaders learn about it from the media. This information is processed through various image components and than the policy or decision, formulating process is set in motion. Media advisors and PR professionals participate in the process; officials consult with them and consider their advice. Finally, they consider the media when they define their policy and match to it the appropriate media tools. Past studies of foreign policy decision-making neglected to deal with this complex role of the media. They described the media (if at all) as one of the channels of informing leaders of international events, as input for the decision-making process. Actual reality demonstrates that this perspective minimizes the place of the media and therefore it should be dealt theoretically as well as in applied research case studies using a more complex approach emphasizing the crucial role of the media in foreign policy. The paper develops and presents a framework for the analysis of foreign policy decision-making, which tries to compensate for some of the flaws of existing models in the field, incorporating the complex processes of media input into decision-making, as well as reflecting the role of the press and TV in the formulation stage of policy-making.