نشریه اقتصاد و تجارت نوین
سال چهارم شماره 3 (پیاپی 16، زمستان 1387و بهار 1388)

The identification of main actors and recognition of interaction between them are emphasized in previous studies on Innovation Systems (IS). Nowadays, the issue of innovation system’s objectives and policies are considered as the key factors in structuring innovation systems. So, it needs to provide a framework to identify the objectives and policies of the innovation systems. In this paper, an initial framework is developed to define objectives and design policies in the Commerce Innovation System (CIS) considered as a sectorial innovation system. The objectives of the CIS are classified into three main groups: knowledge creation, knowledge diffusion and knowledge absorption. Moreover, for each function of the CIS, two types of policies are defined: major and minor policies. To identify the actors and their roles in the CIS, the institution-function matrix of the CIS is formed and discussed.

Nowadays, a great challenge to create business models based on electronic strategies has caused the traditional brick-and-mortar enterprises to change to click-and-mortar enterprises. Without the capacity for designing successful models and knowing the standards related to a given industry, such organizations would not be viable. The present paper first begins with a literature review of business models and then considering the existing advantages provided in an anthology of business models by Osterwalder (2004), the business model of the Telecommunication Company of Iran (as is) will be defined. It has been attempted that by defining the current business model, multiple goals can be attained. The main purpose of this paper is to create a common understanding among the activists in the ICT field in connection with the Telecommunication Company of Iran. It also pursues other goals such as utilizing the aforementioned anthology for the first time in forming the company’s business model, preparing the proper context for the implementation of the future changes, bringing about technological and commercial innovations, and identifying the current challenges in the four main blocks of infrastructure management, customer interface, product, and financial aspects. It should be noted that the provided information in the paper is obtained by way of studying documents, having interviews with academic experts and professionals through holding various meetings with managers from different levels of the company. One of the main theoretical contributions of this research is the genera utilization of the business model anthology in the ICT companies based on the findings from the Telecommunication Company of Iran. Finally, a bigger picture for the business model of the Telecommunication Company of Iran (as is) will be provided in the form of an anthology of business models.

Abstract Brand equity which has evolved over the past decade is suggested as a tool to measure brand power. This research attempts to properly identify, select and operationalize Customer-Based Brand Equity (CBBE) and Brand Market Performance (BMP) in the dairy products industry in Tehran and then develop a model to examine their relationships. The required data are collected using a questionnaire. A sample size of 550 dairy products customers is randomly selected which covers all 22 districts of Tehran. Structural equations model are employed to test hypotheses. In addition, factor analyses are conducted to determine the underlying factors.

The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of the communications on the productivity growth in Iran. For this purpose, we use input-output table for the years 1988 and 1999. The input-output data are published by the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran. We aggregate these tables in the 19 sector tables and then we use a price index to deflate nominal values on constant price of 1997. The results of the paper show that the development of the communications technology has a positive and significant impact on the growth productivity of the economy. More specifically, the findings confirm that it has a positive and significant effect on the some goods and services sectors such as paper production, printing and publishing, chemical production, plastic and rubber, basic metals production, buildings, real estate transportation and warehousing, and professional services. To sum up, the communications technology has created the most influential effects on the service sector while it has created the least influential effects on the mineral sector in Iran.

Despite enormous investment in information technology, there are many failure stories. Such failures could be non-implementation, implementation by gaining desirable targets, implementation by ungaining desirable targets and in other assemblage implemented system even after its successful organizational administration. Previous research indicates that there are some factors including process, values, objectives, structure and management systems and employees that have effects on the IT project success. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between the fractions of implementation with IT readiness using a case study approach in Tejarat Bank of Iran. To measure the IT readiness, 39 factors are selected. According to the factor analysis findings, 13 factors are found unimportant and the rest are divided into 8 categories including users’ readiness, organizational - management readiness, banking perceived advantages, technical-security infrastructure’s quality, applicable banking services, advertisement, information advantageous level and support ability of services. It is found that the main reason for the failure of the IT projects implementation is the lack of IT readiness in different modes.

Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) are crucial in any national economy, especially in the developing country. Appearance of web- based trade creates significant opportunities to SMEs in which removes the limitations of customer expectation fulfillment, speed and capability of price comparison. The purpose of current study is to identify influential factors in increasing e- Readiness of the Iran’s SMEs using electronic commerce. Hence, a questionnaire method is used to collect empirical data on the food industry’s SMEs. To do this, we first develop an analytical model based on the literature and then proposed ten hypotheses. The results indicate that of 10 hypotheses, two hypotheses are rejected while the rest of which are supported. According to the findings, the Iran's SMEs have faced with a lack of sufficient infrastructures provided by the government to properly use e-Commerce.

Information and communication technology (ICT) as a generic technology has widespread application in all countries. It has become engines for social and economic growth globally. So, governments have formulated plans to use this technology in their countries. The sector is subject to a general lack of long-term policy experience due to its overall newness. This means that reliance on others’ experience should be avoided. The aim of this paper is to identify a new method for policymakers to develop ICT implementation in Iran. For this purpose, the Iranian expert's opinion related to the ICT development is considered. The experts comprise both academic and practical managers in the ICT field. A questionnaire is designed to gather information from the experts. Six dimensions of the ICT development policymaking are included in designing the questionnaire. The results of the article show that the government has an important responsibility in the development of the ICT in Iran.

Nowadays, enterprises in the developing nations need to get themselves more involved in the process of internationalization in order to be more successful in the very competitive global market. This study attempts to design a framework for the process of internationalization in the shipping industry in the Islamic Republic of Iran. Moreover, this paper identifies the critical success factors for the internationalization process of this industry and then some statistical techniques are used to rank importance factors. Finally, an appropriate conceptual model is introduced for the internationalization process of the shipping industry in the country.

Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) is often a confusing terminology. It is a software package/solution most often used within manufacturing environment. ERP is a business tool that managers use to operate the business day-in and day-out. It usually comprises several modules such as a financial module, a distribution module or a production module. Each of which shares information that is housed within the database structures which the ERP system was coded. ERP helps to break down barriers between departments within a company. The aim of this paper is to present a new technique for ERP system performance measurement and identify effective factors. For this purpose, we present a new technique which includes five steps with fuzzy logic based on the literature review. In the process of ERP system performance measurement, the available information is often inaccurate or vague. Therefore, most of the time the identification of performance indexes in the shape of quantitative index is complex. In this paper the qualitative index is changed into quantitative index by Fuzzy collections functions.

Nowadays, Internet is considered as a direct marketing channel. Given the increasing importance of e-Tourism, hotels as one of the active parts of tourism industry are taking the advantage of this tool. The aim of this paper is to analyze the Internet marketing characteristics of the hotel websites in Iran, Turkey and the UAE as major tourism destinations in the Middle East using the 7Cs model. All four and five star luxury hotels which have websites are considered as a statistical population of this study. Among them, 178 hotels were chosen as a sample of the population. A checklist of 63 characteristics is used to analyze the 7Cs elements in the sample websites. Based on the findings of this paper, in general the hotels are not utilizing Internet adequately as a marketing tool to conduct effective relationships with their customers. The results also showed that their websites include very simple features and less than 50 percent of the features are included in the websites. However, the findings indicate that hotels in the UAE have more enriched websites regarding the 7Cs elements compared to Iran and Turkey.