فصلنامه المپیک
سال نوزدهم شماره 4 (پیاپی 56، زمستان 1390)

Writing and presenting, are two final phases in completing a research work. Obviously, there are various effective methods in order to communicate the research and related outcomes. Preparing a scientific research summary, thesis, educational texts, articles or even those scientific efforts which are presented orally or as posters are the main communication methods among scientists. Scientific way of writing a research paper is discussed in the current work, including structure, format, context and techniques of writing. Writing is considered as the mirror which reflects the research philosophy.

The aim of this study was comparing the effect of two practical approaches in term of practice order and cognitive effort amount on acquisition and retention of forehand skill. To do this 60 female university students randomly assigned to one of five groups (blocked, blocked-random, random, behavioral- decision and decision). After pretest, participants completed 360 trial of forehand and chop in acquisition. After ten minutes, immediate retention and 24 hours later delayed retention test in a 20-trial block of forehand were conducted. Mixed ANOVA (groups 5) × (sessions 6) showed there is no difference between groups. Data analysis in delayed retention test showed a meaningful difference between groups. In conclusion mixed practice, because of blending high and low cognitive effort, had positive effect on retention.

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of menstrual cycle phases on some physiological factors (heart rate, systolic and diastolic tension, Vo2max and anaerobic power) of athlete females. Fifteen athlete females (age: 21.73±1.49 y, weight: 58.03±5.99 kg, height: 1.61±0./04 m, Mean±SD) with regular menstrual cycles (25-35 days) and no oral contraceptive use within the previous six month participated in this study. Menstrual cycle phases [early follicular (EF), late follicular (LF), and midluteal (ML)] verify with method of serum estrogen and progesterone concentration measurements. Ryming-Astrand sub-maximal test and RAST test used to estimate VO2max and anaerobic power respectively. One way repeated measures ANOVA and bonferroni post hoc test (α ≤ 0.05) applied for statistical analysis. Results indicated that heart rate in the ML phase is significantly higher than in the EF and LF. During LF phase, rest systolic tension and VO2max significantly increased. There was also significant decrease in maximal power and fatigue index in ML phase, whereas there were no significant differences in rest diastolic tension, mean and minimal anaerobic power between three different phases of menstrual cycle. Results indicated that menstrual cycle phases affects on some physiological factors of athlete females

The purpose of this study was to comprising of marketing mix in Iran volleyball super league in I.R of in experts and mangers view. It was based on marketing per industry especially sport. The study was descriptive- analytical and practical one, in which a researcher made questionnaire with reliability coefficient of 98/34 was used. Questionaire based on five selection scale used for descriping marketing mix. With due attention to the statistical universe limitation, the total universe was studied and sampling was not done. 53 of 56 questionnaire, distributed, returned. Gathering data was analyzed by soft ware SPSS, independent ttest, man Whitney s U test and Kolmogorov- Smirinov test. The result indicate majority of differences exit about peredent condition marketing mix element expert and manager view in popularization factor and minority difference in product and price factor. Present condition experts and manager evaluated position factor and popularization factor, respectively. Majority of difference exit around present condition experts and managers view in the popularization factor and minority differences in the position factor. Experts also give better views than managers in all factors except price factor.

We investigated the effects of aerobic training and antioxidant supplement on heat shock protein (HSP72) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in lung tissue in rats exposed to lead acetate. Forty, young rats were randomly assigned to control groups (Sham-operate) and treatment groups (Lead acetate, Antioxidant supplement, Aerobic training and Aerobic training + Antioxidant supplement group) (n=8 per group). The treatment groups received lead acetate (20 mg/kg) only, while the antioxidant supplement and aerobic training + antioxidant supplement groups also, received (30 mg/kg) Curcumin supplement peritoneally 3 days in week for 8 weeks. Furthermore, rats in the aerobic training groups performed the progressive running exercise of 15 to 22 m/min for 25 to 64 min, 5 times a week. HSP72 was measured by ELISA in the homogenized lung tissue and SOD, MDA and TAC using standard methods. Data was analyzed by one-way ANOVA test and Tukey at P<0.05 level. HSP72 and MDA were increased significantly in the lead acetate group compared with other groups. On the other hand, SOD and TAC concentrations were significantly increased in the aerobic training, antioxidant supplement and aerobic training+ antioxidant supplement groups compared with lead group. These results suggest that life health method may be important determinants in prevention of oxidative/antioxidant process related to chronic expose to lead acetate.

Home advantage plays an important role in the outcome of professional soccer games, but its causes are not still completely understood. The aim of this investigation was to study the home advantage within Iranian premier soccer league. For this purpose, data of nineteen soccer teams participated in Iranian premier league during six seasons (1999-2007) was collected. The criterion of team participation in this investigation was at least two years participation in Iranian premier league. Finding showed that home advantage in Iranian premier league was %61 and this figure was similar to the English (%61) and Turkish (%61.5) premier league. The findings also revealed that home advantage was influenced by factors such as distance and weather conditions. In addition, there were no significant correlations among goals scored by home teams, crowd size and home advantage. Finally these findings suggest that factors such as distance or travel effect and weather conditions are considered as an advantage for home teams and challenging factor for away teams in Iranian premier soccer league.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two different intensities of aerobic training with same volume on body composition and fat distribution. Twenty five sedentary overweight men (M±SD, high: 176.15±7.21cm, weight: 86.27±13.50kg, age: 24.61±0.31years, VO2max: 29.33±10.25(ml.min/kg) participated in this study as subjects. After the pre-test measurement, consist of the aerobic power, skin fold measurement and waist and hip circumference, the subjects were assigned to three groups (high intensity training: %70-80 of VO2max, low intensity training: %40-50 of VO2max and control groups). The subjects of training groups ran the same distance for 8 week and 3 sessions per week and the control group subjects went on their normal life style during these 8 weeks. The results of this study show that non of variables changed significantly in control group, whereas both training intensity caused a significant decrease in body mass, fat percent, BMI, WHR and waist and hip circumference (p<0.05). Abdomen to thigh and total trunk to extremities subcutaneous fat ratio didn’t change significantly by these intensities It was demonstrated by covariance test that changes of in body mass, fat percent, BMI, WHR and total trunk to extremities subcutaneous fat ratio are significant among the groups. Bonferoni test show that except abdomen to thigh and total trunk to extremities subcutaneous fat variables, all other variables changes between the control group and other two training groups and also the changes in total trunk to extremities subcutaneous fat ratio between two training groups were significant (p<0.05). Overall, in regard to results of this study, both training intensity cause the similar effect on body composition and circumferences. But, it seems the high intensity of exercise (%70-80 of VO2max) compared with low intensity on exercise (%40-50 of VO2max) lead to more decrease of extremities subcutaneous fat, whereas trunk subcutaneous fat more affected by low intensity of exercise.

The purpose of this study was relationship between spinal curves and specialized movements of Bastanykaran. Study sample included 73 athletes from Bastanykaran 18-36 years Kerman that had at least 2 years experience. Flexible ruler was used for measuring spinal curves. For data analysis of statistical methods at two levels of descriptive and inferential (Chi square (χ2) coefficient of agreement C) through the statistical software SPSS, were used. Results showed that %47.9 of Bastanykaran have hyperkyphosis and %32.9 of this community have hyperlordosis. The findings was significant relationship between movement of Turning the Meel (p<0.05, χ2=8.70) and movement of Whirling(p<0.05, χ2=9.20) with the amount kyphosis arch, and movement of Kabbadeh Workouts and amount lordosis curve of Bastanykaran(p<0.05, χ2=8.64).

Cardiovascular disease is main cause mortality in world; that is associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. Lead is a common environmental toxin that long history of known toxicity in impact organs with low antioxidant defense such as heart. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to study effects of exercise training on myocardial inflammation and damage induced by lead acetate in male rats. Twenty-six male rats (Two months of age and Mean body weight of 219±10 g), were randomly divided into three groups include; the Base, lead and aerobic exercise + lead. The rats in the exercise group performed the progressive treadmill running of 15 to 22 m/min for 25 to 64 min, 5 times a week for 8 weeks. Lead and aerobic exercise + lead groups received lead acetate (20 mg/kg) into intra-peritoneal, 3 times a week for 8 weeks. As well as sham group received same amount salin solution. HS-CRP and CPK-MB as index of myocardial inflammation and damage was determined in cardiac tissue and serum by Immunoturbidimetric and ELISA methods, respectively and also MDA and GPx as index of oxidant and antioxidant was measured in serum and heart tissue by Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and method described by Kalpana methods and then Examination of the data by one- way ANOVA (p<0.05). Results indicated that Injection of lead acetate into intra-peritoneal resulted in significantly increase the CPK-MB and MDA in serum and hs-CRP levels of cardiac tissue and significantly decrease the GPx levels in cardiac tissue (P<0.001). Also, administration aerobic exercise resulted in significantly decrease MDA and CPK-MB levels in serum and nonsignificantly decrease HS-CRP levels (respectively P< 0.01, P<0.001, P<0.086) and significantly increase GPx levels (P<0.001) of cardiac tissue in aerobic exercise + lead group in compared by lead group. Overall, results from the present study significant the role of restrain regular aerobic training on process of inflammation and oxidant and therefore cardiac damage in subjects that exposed to chronic pollution induced by lead acetate.

Alpha (α)-actinins are located in the skeletal muscle Z-line and form actin–actin cross-links. It belongs to a highly conserved family of actin-binding proteins – the spectrin superfamily, which also contains the spectrins and dystrophin. Mammalian skeletal muscle has two isoforms:α-actinin-2 and α -actinin-3. However, the response of a-actinin to exercise training is little understood. Forty female Sprague-Dawley rats at the age of three months were obtained from Razi institute and assigned to a control(C; n=18) or exercise training (T; n=22) group. This study examined the effects of 8 weeks of resistance training on muscle mass and α -actinin-2 and α -actinin-3 levels in the flexor hallucis longus muscle(FHL). The resistance training consisted of climbing (with 1-RM until exhaustion) a ladder carrying a load suspended from the tail. The weights were increased gradually throughout the 8 weeks of training. Following 8 weeks of training, we observed significant increase in absolute muscle mass in FHL (P=0.01). Results show that no significant difference was found in α -actinin-2 and α -actinins 3 expression levels between C and T animals in response to progressive resistance training (P=0.61 and P=0.19 respectively). Surprisingly, protein expression levels of α -actinin-2 decreased 12% and α -actinin-3 increased 13% following 8 week of resistance training between groups, but it wasnt statistically significant. The results of this study demonstrate that progressive resistance training do not alters the expression level of α-actinins at the cellular levels in skeletal muscle and probably further investigations will indicate sarcomeric protein's response to exercise training.