فصلنامه پیک نور (علوم انسانی)
سال پنجم شماره 4 (زمستان 1386)

One of the most important epistemological discussions between the western philosophers within the recent decades has been concerned with the nature of “propositional knowledge”. There are many different approaches to the nature of this knowledge between the philosophers. A dominant theory among epistemologists regards the propositional knowledge as “justified true belief”. Muslim logicians have called this type of knowledge as “tasdīgh”. The logicians have different approaches to the nature of “tasdīgh”. Some consider it as “belief” attitude; a few categorize it as a kind of “concept”; and others take it as a combination of a belief and some conceptual terms; a group of people taking it as a simple entity and another one believing of it as a compound one. I hold that one of the main causes of this disagreement as to the nature of “tasdīgh”, is the confusion between the notion of “tasdīgh” and the notion of “proposition” by these logicians. My aim here is not to suggest and defend a new theory in this regard, but instead is to provide a better understanding of the matter.

The relationship between tradition and modernity is one of the subjects that dealing with it, in all fields of knowledge of the modern age and also in the methods of confrontation of the western culture and civilization with other cultures and civilizations, is inevitable. Inthis article after giving the definitions of tradition, modernism, postmodernismand characteristics of traditionalist, modernists, and postmodernists, based on the view of the great thinker shahid Motahary, contends that the inseparability of the tradition and the effect of its holism over other sectors have been the principal cause of challenge between the tradition and modernity in the western civilization. From his point of view this challenge cannot be seen in every culture and civilization. In the western world some events led to the perception of the universe and the human being. The way out of this challenge is to separate the sacred and unscarred parts of the tradition and paying attention to different parameters of mankind entity. Tradition in its specific sense forms a solid foundation for every culture and civilization. Furthermore, it has been pointed out that the post-modernist human, although has criticized most principal thoughts of the modernists, because of his negligence in dealing with the causes of the crisis facing modernists, has been misled and trapped in skepticism and relativism and deprived from the peace resulting from the real science and the strong foundations of the tradition.

False mystics have always been harmful to the social and cultural image of the school of mysticism, and have cheated many people. Therefore it is necessary to know false mystics and the damage that they have made to the real mysticism. This study defines the frameworks of the school of mysticism, then tries to make a distinction between the real and false mysticism and false mystics, by considering their features. In this way works of the great men of the seventh and eighth centuries have been categorized. Also another important point is the study of the incentives and different forms of false mysticism in the mentioned centuries.

Islam, as a school of thought, has its own educational system. This system is basically different from other systems in the educational fields. In the present time, researches on the origins of these distinctions with regards to the realms of human life are necessary. Explaining the elements of education including goals, curriculum, method, evaluation etc. on one hand requires theorization in the realms of human life and on the other hand inferring its consequences and training reasons. Goal, as an essential element in Islamic education requires new definitions. The purpose of this essay is explaining the Islamic educational goals on the basis of realms of human life.

There are two theories about beings and their relationship to God, that are called: emanation and creation. Emanation theory that is in the big mystical and philosophical systems, draws a necessary link between origin and its manifestation, but in the theory of creation exnihilo, that is most emphasized in Ibrahimic religions, the relationship between the creator and the created has been considered and the separation of those two has been emphasized. This article attempts to analize the doctorines of these two theories and proposes that emanation is the most convincing method of explanation the relationship between God and beings. Also by referring to the discussion of Occurance and Coming, a defendable view will be presented. One of the most important points in the analysis of the discussion a comparison between Vedanta school and other perspectives has been made.

“Reasonabele uncology” is one of the rules of “usul” descipline. It is used for extrapolation of legal precepts and rules. Generally speaking, it can be considered as a technique for generalization of a Judgement devoted to a certain and specific event where by specific features of that object which have an influence in Judgement is removed and thus the Judgement can be applied to parallel cases. This technical term first used by sunni scholars and then, after fifth century by origination of Helleh school and rational tendencies among Shiite usuli scholars, it was being used in Shiite circles which opposed to traditionist movement.

Renaissance in the western countries led to the establishment of new theoretical and practical patterns. By development of the range and depth of these changes, Islamic countries were exposed to them and faced new questions. One of the most important questions is the position of religion and it’s relationship with the materialistic life of human or secularism. Secularism is one of the words that has not been defined and translated correctly in Farsi, and has always been misinterpreted. As we know, perception happens through the experience, categories and definitions. Therefore the analysis of secularism has found its importance. This essay studies the above mentioned definition in three parts: the first part indudes the study of the definition and the grounds of secularism formation; the second part is the philosophical basis of secularism; and the third part is the criticism of secularism and the conclusion.

In the trade world, it is both transaction contract and goods buying and selling that contrast commitment for delivery and service, or receive and it have been enough finance guaranty. Total this contrast is benefit in credit forms and doing under special bank mechanism. This article explains a history of letter of credit, its concept andplace and the methods of payment for international commerce, kinds of letter of credit and their legal nature as well.

According to Islamic teachings, human foetus has a potential and respectable personality and like other human beings has some rights such as the right to live and the right of safety and health. Hence Islamic Jurisprudence in addition to anticipation of the examples of such rights, has prescribed some sanctions for the infringement to guarantee its execution. The legislator of the Islamic Republic inspired by the guidance of the jurisprudence of Islam mainly condemned the action of abortion and prescribing punishment for those who commit abortion, has protected human foetus. In addition to that, by virtue of articles 91, 92 and 262 of the Islamic law punishment, by postponing the punishment for the pregnant women, they have taken another step to protect human foetus. Despite the fact that in the Islamic Law System and Islamic jurisprudence have long discussions and have anticipated bloodmoney (Diya), but it has not been taken into consideration a lot. Therefore there are some ambiguities and some discussed that legislator has attempted to protect foetus legally more than criminally. This article attempts to draw legislator’s attention to remove the existing ambiguities, according to Islamic jurisprudence, in the present criminal law.