فصلنامه مطالعات تاریخ اسلام
پیاپی 8 (بهار 1390)

Commercial position, plentiful wealth and higher geographical situation of Khwarazm, caused Muslim victors pay attention to Khwarazm from the first years they invaded it. The arab’six attacks to Khwaraazm have been narrated sporadically and differently in historical references. There are very incomplete data on the first three attacks which cannot be reviewed due to their limited and similar narrations. there are several conflicting data only from the last three attacks. One attack was done by Yazid ibn al-Muhallab and two others by Qutaybaibn Muslim. They are narrated with different origins in four different references: Baladhuri, Tabari, Ibn Aasam and Biruni. Biruni’s narration is different and conflicted with the others, because of its origin. Despite the volume of data in three other historians’ narrations, they are in an advocacy manner of Arab’s attacks, because of the similar origins. In this article, we are going to analyze critically the narrations of Khwarazm victory by criticizing the narrative.On the basis of performed studies, it seems that the first three historians couldn’t present a fair story of the two opposite sides of conflict, because of thier similar origin although they demonstrated different information. They get advocacy position in order to legitimize the Qutayba attack.They have confused two Qutayba attacks and submit one narration which is discontinuous in structure and incoherent in content because of using several different narrations.

After industrial revolution and making use of steam engine, a rapid progressive change occurred in the world’s economy, handy industries were superseded by mechanical ones, the handy industries of Asian and African countries were replaced by the European industrial productions and this caused such countries’ dependence on the global economy with the centrality of European countries. Oil discovery and the development of its relevant industries, which first began in the U.S, and the monopoly of these industries’ exploitation in the hands of the U.S and European countries accelerated the industrial development process of U.S and European countries and as a result, their domination over underdeveloped countries. The oil discovery, also, made significant changes in the procedure of political, economic and social changes of oil-exporting countries and changed the traditional atmosphere of these societies. It seems that the development of oil industry of Baku in 19th and 20th centuries has changed social and economic aspects of this city, and these changes have rapidly happened. In the current study, using descriptive-analytical method and accounting for statistical data, it has been indicated that the oil discovery and the establishment of oil industries have greatly influenced the social and economic changes of Baku including the emergence of new classes, the changes in races and population and the social movments in the working class. The speed of oil industries’ development has accelerated political, social and cultural changes of Baku and these changes have made Baku one of the most important and influent cities of the Eastern world in the early 20th century.

The concept of "Rokn-e Rabe‘" is a fundamental concept in Sheykhism School The popular theory is that This conception was founded by Sheikh Ahmad Ahsaei (the founder of Sheykhism) and promoted by Sayyed Kazim Rashti (the Sheykh Ahmad’s successor, but on the basis of valuable researches and the most important original resources of this School, which will be used in this essay, it seems Haj Mohammad Karimkhan Kermani was the first who created that meaning as one of the religious principles and a basic tuition of Sheykhism, the man who was the first leader of Kerman’s Sheykhism branch. This essay tries to explain how has this subject been done and what did effect to Sheykhism evolution process and its separating in to Kerman, Tabriz and other branches, by a descriptive-analytic method. Moreover, this article tries to answer how the meaning of "Rokne Rabe‘" which belonged to Kerman’s branch, was extended to all of the Sheykhism, the answers which are very important and essential to receive a more exact and correct Knowledge about this School.

At 25 October 1813 A.D after 10 years of Iran,s defense against the Russian force in of Caucasus an agreement was signed between Mirza Abolhassan Khan Ilchy and general Rotishchof. This agreement has always been intodused as a definite treaty by Iranian contemporary historians and researchers; in case, in spite of this rooted belief, the achievement of this research which, has been done by an analytic-conformity method, shows this truth that a the Golestan Agreement, in the viewpoint of Qajar authorities was an agreement just for armistice between Iran and Russia and not a definite treaty.

Amanullah Khan’s government (1919-1929 AD) is considered as one of the turning points of history of Afghanistan, because he brought about radical changes in political, economical and social-cultural structure in Afghanistan. Amongst his most important long lasting efforts was securing Afghanistan’s full independence and protection of its borders after the World War II by the support of England and Soviet Union Governments. After developing political, economic and cultural relations and opening Afghanistan’s gates to the modern culture, civilization and ideas, in order to protect his monarchy, he embarked on reformations in the government’s structure. Simultaneity of his government with those of Reza Shah in Iran and Ataturk in Turkey, both did similar measures, to protect their kingdoms, encouraged him to put into effect the intended reformations in political, social, economic fields. But these reformations amongst different strata of Afghan society of the time had reversed effect which ultimately led to Amanullah Khan’s fall and seizing power by a person from a very low political, economic and social standing. The main question of this research is whether Amanullah Khan’s fall and Bacheh-Saqqa’s coming to power was due to failure of Amanullah Khan’s reforms or Bacheh- Saqqa’s political-military power. The research main hypothesis is that failure of AmanullahKhan’s reforms led to his fall and seizing power by Bacheh-Saqqa. To find out this, with a sociological approach and by profiting from Chalmers Johnson’s Theories. Results of the present research suggest that failure of Amanullah Khan’s reforms and ruling of new social values and norms led to Amanullah Khan’s fall and seizing power by Bacheh Saqqa.

The pre-Islamic Arab tribal society- in the absence of central authority and civil orders-was under the influence of traditions which regulated the inter-tribal relations. The imbalance of power among the Arab tribes,and the natural roughness of the Arabian geographical environment paved the way for social and political crises. What was the strategy of the Arab tribes for controlling or lowering crisis in some such situations? The findings of the current study have been based upon this hypothesis that the Arab tribal society adopted the "tradition of helf (alliance)" for setting its internal and external relations. Therefore, this study tries to explain the tradition of Helf (alliance) in the pre Islamic Arabia and shed light on its variant functions. This will be followed by discussing of the different types of Helf (alliance).

The purpose of this study is to investigate the “Why and How” of distinguishing Imam Shafeeei’s methodology in Hadith compared with his contemporaries and its application in that literature. The findings show that Imam Shafeei’s new methodology was a result of factors rooted in his society. Having a new reading of Ijtehad (endeavour) based on correct quotation and sound judgment he adopted a different methodology which was influenced by customs and traditions from different regions and it was a balanced way between the ideas of the advocates of Hadith from one side and those following the tradition of interpretation(Rai) from the other side. Imam Shafeei considered the correct Hadith as valuable as Koranic verses and he tried to expand the use of hadith in Feqh (Jurisprudence). Imam Shafeei’s hadith sources were not limited to one area but he attempted to use the sayings of sources in addition to the residents of Madineh for examples the Hadith quoted by some people residing in Egypt and Iraq. Combining the methods of the advocated of both traditions in Hadith (Ahle-Hadith and Ahle-Rai), he could avoid the problems existing in their methodologies and give Hadith a greater role in Feqh.