نشریه راهبرد توسعه
سال هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 29، بهار 1391)

This study aims at investigating the nature of the causal relationship between crime and various economic indicators such as unemployment, poverty and inflation in Iran using autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds testing procedure and Granger-causality within vector error correction model (VECM) based on annual data spanning the period between 1966 and 2006. Results of the ARDL bounds test provide evidence of the existence of long-run cointegration relationship among crime, unemployment, poverty and inflation. On the other hand, Granger-causality results show that crime is Granger caused by unemployment, poverty and inflation in Iran, both in the long run and in the short run. In the light of the results of this study, to prevent crimes and reduce crime rate in Iran, all the major economic determinants of crime – unemployment, inflation, GDP growth etc. are needed to be adequately addressed by the policy makers.

The small and medium enterprises are the main structure of every country's economy. At most of the countries in world, developing small and medium enterprises is among the main strategies and priorities of the governments and a special procedure is considered for supporting the establishment, growth and continuance of these units.Event though, small and medium enterprises about 92 percent of economic institutes of Iran, but they have just a few portion in the added value and employment in the country; while, there are so many dull and half done industrial units in the country.In the present study, we have prioritized the effective factors on the success of small and medium institutes through the analyzing network procedure (ANP) method.The achieved results show that the regulations and strategies are the most important factors in the success of small and medium enterprises and then development of industry and Intensity of competition in enterprises are considered as the most important effective factors.

Knowledge, knowledge-driven engine of development, given its increasing role in organizations and communities will rise. For an image of organizations and communities most the use of knowledge and interest, in terms of being inclusive of the full cycle (learning) and on a larger scale and inclusive society is sweeping the nation.Learning organization theory and management of organizations to survive in the changing world offers the ideas that Ability to learn and adapt the inevitable necessity for the success of the organization. Creativity and knowledge is not enough alone to be considered for the learning organization, But should the knowledge to work the attitudes and performance and improving its operations to help provide them. Organization's knowledge assets to be managed to a knowledge-based organization is organization and its members can gain knowledge, share and grow it. This requires is the design of management the name of “knowledge management”.

Whit the growing recognition of the importance of knowledge as a strategic resource for the modern organizations, it is not surprising that in the last decades, Debates of organizational learning and knowledge management, has become center of focus of intensive investigations by management researchers. The growth of information and communication technology use in modern organizations has provided high competitive and changing environment for them and increases the necessity of dynamics of knowledge. One of this dynamics, discussed as organizational forgetting that can be accidental or intentional, detrimental or beneficial, but in all cases it can significantly affect the competitiveness of organizations. This phenomena that has become less attention in debates of organizational learning and knowledge management, is regarded as challenge facing to knowledge management. Although its effective management for organizational learning and accusation of useful knowledge is vital task for organizations until to forget the knowledge that causes inactivity in organization and to maintain the knowledge useful for improving of organization and increase its competitiveness. With regard to importance of this concept and necessity of its management, in this article, focus on concepts, consequences and how managing organizational forgetting and so role of knowledge management in this task.

Sustainable development has become to one of the most flourishing issues of the world because of the increasing interest in academic circles, international organizations and various levels of policy making. This concept is a new perspective on government policy. Achieving sustainable development primarily requires a detailed understanding of this phenomenon and secondly understanding of the latest analytical methods and implementation models for sustainable development policies. Hence, this paper explores these questions: what is sustainable development? What are the Viewpoints in this field? And what analytical methods and implementation models should be used in sustainable development policy? To answer to these questions, we examined the fundamental assumptions of the sustainable development perspective and three viewpoints on sustainable development, And analyzed the methods of policy analysis (such as reconstruction of policy theory, stakeholder analysis, discourse analysis, cost - benefit analysis, impact assessment) and implementation models (such as Blueprint model, top-down, bottom-up, process model, Backward and Forward Mapping and Participatory Approach) briefly.

This study examines effect of perceived environmental uncertainty on inter-organizational relationships and export performance improvement in order to support export development. A comprehensive study was developed to identify different dimensions of environmental uncertainty and inter-organizational relationships and evaluated effect of each on export performance improvement. To gather data about these factors, researcher's questionnaire was distributed among exporters of Mashhad then, to analyze data, different statistics methods, such as Pierson correlation coefficient and regression analysis, were used during a period. Findings obtained from data analysis show perceived environmental uncertainty in export markets creates relationships development between apply chain members. Also, contribution and increase in obligation among members may develop export performance improvement in export markets. In this study, a meaningful relationship was not observed between environmental uncertainty and export performance components.

The main objective of human societies at different levels of individual, group or organization is to achieve the excellence and perfection. We need to effectively use all resources and capabilities. At the organizational level, one of the most important resources is manpower. An important method of using manpower’s capabilities is implementation of the Suggestion Systems that has been reviewed in this article. Participative management is mentioned at the beginning and we expressed the benefits of Participative management and Suggestion Systems. Then the history of the Suggestion Systems, the definition of Suggestion Systems and The objectives of the Suggestion Systems will be reviewed. The limitations and advantages of the system and Success factors of the Suggestion Systems will be expressed. The structure of Suggestion Systems, methods and procedures of implementation of the Suggestion Systems are examined. Due to factors in the successful implementation of the Suggestion Systems, We refer to the characteristics of successful Suggestion Systems. Finally, conclusions are discussed.

Regarding the environmental issue and its importance in today's human race is something that cannot be easily passed. Therefore, this study has attempted to environmental attitudes and concerns regarding the concept of environmental citizenship can be addressed.Finally, this study showed that environmental attitudes have to be a strong predictor of responsible behavior environmentally. Also, it was clear that responsible behavior environmental can help protect the environment.

Organizations, the learning tool to help understand the performance of their own and adapt to environmental changes. This article aims to assess organizational learning as the process gas is 8.In this research, survey research methods and research tools were standard features of a learning organization, is one of Leon. Between managers and employees that have been implemented. Research questions for the analysis of descriptive statistics and inferential statistics were used. Findings indicate differences between current and desired state of organizational learning in natural gas transmission operation is 8. For this reason, most corporate learning opportunities for the company, about the "leadership with vision" with a score of 21.13. And then in the order of business publications, and with a score of 20.25, 20.23 with a score of creativity, execution (pragmatism) with a score of 19.7, and planning / evaluation with a score of 13.2, organizational learning opportunities lies.

The use of Information Technology in organizations can make fundamental changes in all fields. It helps organizations to save information about their staffs more safe, easier to use and more complete. And helps managers to analysis these information and decide more better about human resources of the organization. With the entrance of IT, the organizations changed extremely. these changes can be efficient if, first of all, we know about what IT can do and then, provide the conditions under which It can develop, and after all these, managers will be familiar with new conditions and will be able to promote the performance of human resource in the organization.Nowadays, one of the samples of IT in organizations is ERP. This survey tries to study about the role of IT in human resource management. The researcher, first, presents some definitions of IT and human resource management, and after a short history of both subjects, the researcher notes the roles of it(totally) and ERP (more detailed) in human resource management.

One of the major and most important evolutions is proposing information and its main role importance in organizations and societies. Environment’s evolution process has been so that has reached from hunting period, which has been the earliest status of human life, to information period and even some believe that nowadays is extra info period. Changes accelerated trend is so that in the not so far future, we will observe generating organizations that will have fundamental difference from our current perceptions of organization. Applying information technology in different parts of the government in order to increase productivity and promote services level is called electronic government. The most important result of this affair is increasing people’s satisfaction provided that electronic government implementation is done correctly and successfully. Electronic government is challenging because it can be a basic step for governments. After the electronic government formation in the world, its performance in Iran was recognized since 2002-2003. In spite of several years, this category has not been completely performed yet. In this paper, it is tried to deal with electronic government concepts and definitions, its formation history in Iran and in the world, its functions, electronic organizations features, prerequisites and necessity of performing electronic government, its effects and potential advantages, generation stages, generation steps of a successful electronic government and current status of electronic government in Iran.