نشریه ارمغان دانش
سال هفدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 68، خرداد و تیر 1391)

Tracheal tubes are designed to provide a pathway through the upper airway. The aim of this study was to compare the frequency of post-extubation stridor and the rate of tracheal tubes and hemo-dynamic changes in cuffed versus uncuffed tubes in small children. In this clinical trial two hundred patients, aged 4-6 years, requiring general anesthesia for elective orthopedic or abdominal surgery were randomly assigned to receive either cuffed or uncuffed tubes. Same drugs were administered to patients in both groups for the induction of anesthesia and incidence of post-extubation stridor, and the number of tracheal tube changes, 1 and 5 minutes after extubation were recorded in both groups. The hemodynamic variables, arterial blood oxygen saturation, respiration rate and number were also evaluated. Data were analyzed using Student t test, chi-square and Fisher exact test. The mean age of children in was 59 months in the cuffed (101 children) and 61 month in the uncuffed (99 children) group. Post extubation stridor was noted in 2.9% of uncuffed and 9.2% of the cuffed group (p=0.06). Tracheal tube exchange rate was 10.9% in uncuffed and 7.1% in cuffed group (p=0.34). The use of cuffed tracheal tubes in children of 4-6 years old did not increase the risk of post-extubation stridor, and did not change the hemodynamic responses such as SPO2, respiratory rate and pulse rate in our study.

Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) as a phytoestrogen facilitates blood flow, influences nitric oxide systems, and has a relaxant effect on smooth muscle tissues. These processes are important to the sexual response in menopausal women. The aim of this study was to compare the sexual function of menopausal women before and after using Ginkgo biloba capsules. In this clinical trial without controlled group, 40 healthy volunteers aged 50 – 60 years of age, attending three health-care centers of TUMS enrolled in the study in 2010. The subjects received GBE at a dose of 120–240 daily for 30 days. Sexual function was measured using the Sabbatsberg Sexual Rating Scale (SSRS). Of the 40 subjects who enrolled in this study, 31 women followed and completed the study protocol. The data were analyzed using statistical tests such as Fisher's exact test and paired t test. After 1 month of intervention, significant differences were found between the mean scores for sexual desire (p= 0.000), sexual activity (p=0.01), sexual satisfaction (p=0.01), sexual pleasure (p = 0.001), and orgasm (p=0.01) during the previous month. There was also a significant difference in sexual pleasure (P=0.001), orgasm (P=0.03), and the importance of sex compared to the results obtained in the previous years (p=0.007). In this study, we found that GBE had a positive effect on several aspects of sexual function; thus, these findings support the positive effect of GBE on the sexual function of menopausal women.

Parietal cells have an important role in the production of stomach acid and function. Helicobacter pylori colonization in the stomach may affect the function of these cells. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Helicobacter pylori colonization of rat stomach parietal cells. In this study, 10 rats in two experimental and control groups were divided. Animals were fed by Helicobacter pylori or PBS in the experimental and control groups respectively for 20 weeks. Afterwards, bacterial colonization and parietal cells alterations were evaluated in the stomach tissue, using different staining methods. Furthermore, apoptosis in these cells were evaluated by TUNEL method. Helicobacter pylori colonization in rat stomach was confirmed. In addition, degradation and ultra-structural changes of parietal cells in the experimental group was determined after 20 weeks. TUNEL staining results were indicative of parietal cells apoptosis in the experimental group. This study confirmed that Helicobacter pylori in 20 weeks duration causes degradation and structural changes in rat stomach parietal cells and cell death could be through apoptosis.

The major application of tramadol is for the control of chronic pain and management of postoperative pain in humans. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of premedication with tramadol on xylazine–ketamine anesthesia in animal models. In this experimental study which was conducted at The Veterinary Medicine School, Islamic Azad University, Karaj Branch, in 2011, 10 dogs from mixed breeds from both sexes, with the mean weight of 20 ± 2 kg were selected and randomly assigned into two groups. In the first group, atropine (0.04 mg/kg), Xylazine (0.55 mg/kg) and ketamine (10 mg/kg) were administered by intramuscular (IM) injection, 5 minutes after either tramadol (2 mg/kg, IV) while in the other group an equal volume of normal saline (IV) used instead of tramadol. Analgesic period and recovery times and physiological parameters were measured and recorded. Data analysis was conducted by using independent sample t- test. Duration of analgesia was 17.2 minutes in tramadol group and 36.4 minutes in saline group. This difference was statistically significant (P=0.02). Based on the findings of this study, addition of tramadol to xylazine/ketamine reduces the duration of analgesia.

Perceived self-efficacy is one of the predictive factors in behavior. The purpose of this study was to identify the effect of education on eating behaviors self - efficacy in the obese or overweight adolescent female students. This is a quasi-experimental study conducted in 2011 in Razan, Iran, on 78 obese and overweight adolescent girls, aged 12-16, which were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. The data was collected by using the weight efficacy lifestyle questionnaire (WEL). Educational programs were implemented for four sessions for experiment group and the results were evaluated after intervention. The data were analyzed using paired t-test, independent t-test, and chi square. Following the intervention, significant differences were observed in subscales including social pressures (t=-3.60, p<0.001), availability of nutrition (t=-2.81 p=0.008) and entertaining activities (t=-5.62 p <0.001) in experimental group. However, these differences were not significant in negative emotions and physical discomfort in this group. There were no significant differences in control group in any of subscales. Utilizing an intervention technique like the present wellness-based program had positive effects on encouraging the adolescents for making healthier lifestyle and will help them with preventing of the obesity and overweight.

Given the proven effectiveness of herbal medicines in the treatment of kidney stones, the aim of the present study was defining the effect of hydrophilic extract of Alhagi maurorum on ethylene glycol-induced renal stone in male Wistar rats. In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups and were studied during a 30 day period. Two groups of healthy and prophylactic control received usual water and 1% ethylene glycol in water respectively during the study period. Prophylactic groups of low dose and high dose extract in addition to 1% ethylene glycol in water daily gavaged with 500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg extract respectively. For measurement of biochemical factors, 24 hour urine samples from all rats were collected in days 0, 15 and 30. After the 30th day, rats were anesthetized with ether, and after taking serum sample from them, they were killed and their kidneys were removed and were sent for pathological evaluation which was examined for presence and volume of calcium oxalate crystals. There was no significant difference between complexes of oxalate calcium crystals between studied groups. Also comparison of urinary oxalate in 30th day was showed that urinary oxalate concentration in preventive and healthy control groups were less than negative control and this difference was statistically significant (p<0.05). The present study confirmed that the hydrophilic extract of Alhagi maurorum with regard to reduction in urinary oxalate concentration and increase of urinary citrate is effective in preventing of urinary calcium oxalate stones in rat as a suitable model for human stones. The extract had no significant effect in rate of calcium oxalate crystal formation in.

Due to various medical complications and high prevalence of periodontal disease in our society, the present study was designed for assessment of correlation between periodontal disease during pregnancy and low birth weight and preterm delivery. In this case-control study, the periodontal status of 50 women with infants who had less than 2500 gr birth weight and 100 matched control counterparts were evaluated at 2007-2008 in Akbarabadi and Mahdieh hospitals in Tehran. The periodontal parameters of GI, PI, CPI and probing depth indices were assessed on 6 teeth of Ramford index. The data were analyzed using Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U and logistic regression tests. PD index was 0-3 mm in 90.0% of cases and 85.0% of controls with no significant differences. In 2.0% cases, GI was poor, in 34.0% was fair and good in 64.0%; the rates were 3.0%, 34.0% and 63.0% in controls with no significant differences (p>0.93). CPI index was poor in 8.0% of cases, fair in 30.0% and good in 62.0%; while it was poor in 3.0%, fair in 33.0% and good in 64.0% of control subjects with no significant differences (p>0.63). PI index was poor in 4.0%, fair in 32.0% and good in 64.0% of cases with no significant differences vs. control groups (p>0.68). However, the incidence of preterm birth had significant difference between two groups (P<0.0001). In this study, no significant correlation was observed between periodontal disease parameters and low birth weight of infants. However periodontal disease parameters may be correlated with preterm birth.

Testis is an important organ of the male reproductive system and its structure could be influenced by diabetes. Aloe Vera has a hypoglycemic effect; thus, the present study evaluates the effect of Aloe Vera on the testis tissue of a 20-day embryo of rat born from a diabetic mother. Thirty female Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups, subsequently; two groups were injected with streptozotocin (50 mg/kg/IP) and the males were placed next to female rats in a separate cage in order to mate. One group of rats received aloe vera extract (400 mg/kg), orally, in gestational age during while others were giving distilled water. After 20 days, rats were sacrificed and their embryos were removed and fixed by 10% formalin. The embryos were processed and embeded in paraffin. Five µm sections were made and stained by hematoxyline- eosin and cellular alteration of testis was evaluated. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Mean of body weight, seminiferous tubules diameter, spermatogonia numbers, leydig cells and sertoli cells were significantly different in all groups (p<0.05). The present study demonstrated that Aloe Vera extract can increase the spermatogonium, Leydig and Sertoli cells in diabetic rats.

Listeria monocytogenes is one of the causes of miscarriage and stillbirth. The aim of the present study was to compare the results of the standard culture method and polymerase chain reaction in pregnant women. This is an experimental study which was carried out at Imam Sajjad hospital in 2009 on 107 pregnant women. Specimens (311) including urine, blood, placenta and cervix swabs were collected. After enrichment course, for a period of 4 weeks in cold condition, ulture was performed for all specimens. The samples were also evaluated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Collected data were analyzed using SPSS, using McNemar and Capa statistical tests. Participants of this study were 15 to 38 years old women, with a mean age of 26.7 years. Frequencies of first and second abortion in the subjects were 59.8% and 12.1% respectively. No culture positive cases were found among the samples while PCR detected hly gene in 10.28% of the subjects. A significant different was observed between the two methods (p=0.022). Findings of this study demonstrated that PCR is more sensitive than culture method for diagnosis of Listeria infection in pregnant women.

A number of different factors including social and economic status have been reported for Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection. The purpose of this study was to examine the serological prevalence of H. pylori infection as well as its associated factors among the students of Islamic Azad University of Gachsaran. This is a cross-sectional study in which all of the students employed to the study were attending the academic year 2010-2011 at the Islamic Azad University, Gachsaran Branch. Subjects of this study were 272 students who were selected by cluster random sampling. The data collection instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire prepared in two parts for demographic data and risk factors associated with Helicobacter infection. Its content validity was obtained using review of the existing literature and resources as well as expert's poll on the subject. Reliability of the questionnaire was approved by performing test-retest. Information about the serological status of Helicobacter infection were collected using the ELISA method to measure IgG antibody titers by taking 5 ml of venous blood. The collected data were analyzed through the statistical software SPSS version 16, using descriptive statistics and statistical test such as chi-square and t student test. The mean of antibody titer to Helicobacter infection was 32.75± 28.30 (range 1.40-127). Anti-Helicobacter antibody was detected in 67.6% of students while 16.8% of them were negative for anti-Helicobacter antibody and borderline antibody levels were detected in 15.6% of the subjects. No statistically significant differences were found between the seroprevalence of Helicobacter and factors such as age, sex, blood type, family income, numbers of family members, the status of cigarettes smoking and alcohol consumption, history of gastrointestinal disorder in subjects or their families and personal hygiene behaviors (hand washing prior to meal and post bowel movement) (p>0.05). Serological prevalence of infection with Helicobacter infection was high among the students studying at Gachsaran Islamic Azad University; therefore it calls for the attention of the health authorities.

The H1N1 influenza strain virus is highly contagious. This study introduces a rare case of sudden death due to H1N1 virus in a three year-old child in Yasouj, southwest of Iran. Case Report: In late September of 2009, a three year-old male child was admitted to Imam Sajjad Hospital, Yasouj, Iran, complaining of nausea and vomiting. The onset of symptoms was sudden and no history of underlying diseases or other cold symptoms were reported. While attempting to give oxygen and IV, the child suffered a sudden loss of consciousness and suffered a cardiopulmonary arrest, and died despite the resuscitation measures. With regard to the fulminant course and the unknown cause of death, and being suspected to H1N1 flu infections in less than an hour from the time of death, with certain conditions, the sample was sent for cultivation and the culture was positive for H1N1. Considering the child's death due to infection with Type-A influenza (H1N1), younger children should be treated more carefully during the flu outbreak.

Hydatidosis is a zoonosis disease with worldwide distribution. This disease is caused by Echinococcus granulosus. Most cases of hydatid cyst of the liver and lung are reported, but rarely in the brain, heart, kidney, urethra, spleen, fallopian tubes, pancreas, and muscles are observed. The purpose of this report introduces a 9-year-old girl who was diagnosed with renal hydatid cyst. Case: This patient was a female, 9 years old of Kohgiluye and Boyerahmad Province, with feelings of right flank pain during urination. CT scan show a cystic lesion measuring 36 to 44 mm in the middle of right kidney. The patient's surgery was operated successfully And histopathologic examination confirmed the diagnosis of hydatid cyst. the patient was treated for four weeks with Albendazole (400 mg twice daily). The statistics show that the age of the infection with renal hydatid cyst is declining and this can makes many problems for the health of children and society. Each organ of the body can be attacked by Echinococcus granulosus, so in the presence of a space occupying lesion in the kidney, hydatidosis should be suspected. Calcified hydatid cyst in a such young child is a very rare condition