پژوهشنامه ادب غنایی
پیاپی 17 (پاییز و زمستان 1390)

Writing lyrical and romantic poetry In Persian Literature is common in couplet poems besides in sonnets. At the end of the sixth century, Nezami Ganjavi used the most perfect verse form for the lyrical stories. Structural analysis helps to find out the artistic symmetry and delicacy of Nezami’s verse. Analyzing the basic elements of a story helps to achieve a better understanding and reveals its positive and negative aspects. In this study the researcher analyzes the sketch of two well-known lyrical epics by Nezami, “Khosro and Sheereen” and “Leili and Majnoon”. Then the narrative pattern of these two epics were drawn plus a diagram of the pattern of oriental narratives. This study tries to prove that despite the structural conformity of these two epics with western classical narratives (pyramidal form), they have episodic and symmetrical structure which manifest the oriental structure. These two epics follow the narrative pattern of “selection-travel-return and narrative”; besides their structure is more semantic than narrative.

In order to know literature history deeply and accurately and to visualize its changes and their reasons, studying comparative literature is an essential. Since through this one can discovers the roots of all influential thinking movements of a nation. Comparative literature deals with studying factors of transition of literature from one culture to another, different genres, literary concepts and issues and influence of a poet or a writer in other nations’ literature. In addition to social and historical advantages, to study each of the above- mentioned branches can portray a deep understanding of national literature and clarify the history of thoughts and literary contents. An age old research in comparative literature which is known as plagiarism ‘ or Seraqaat’ in old Islamic poetry is to compare and contrast the works of two poets or authors and find out in what aspects they have affected each other. An outstanding Arab poet who has always been the focus of attention of Persian poets and whose work is fraught with philosophical problems as well as parables is the well-known fourth century poet called Motanabbi. This paper follows the theory that Naser Khosrow who belonged to the courtiers of the time, for whom a high skill in Arab poetry was necessary, was familiar with the poetry of Motanabbi. Finally, this study reveals that some of the contents Naser Khosrow used in his poems are adaptations from Motanabbi' s book of poems.

The story of Sultan Mahmoud Ghaznavi’s love to his Turkish servant has a historical reality in addition to its mythical aspect. Its historical reality has totally changed since the sixth century onwards. And prominent figures like Ahmad Ghazali, Ein-ol-Qozzat Hamadani, Attar Neishaboori and Mowlavi have benefitted from it to express mystical concepts. In the tenth and eleventh centuries, the story of Mahmoud’s love to Ayaz received the attention of some poets and a couple of poem collections were written under the same name. This story has been the theme for many Persian speaking poets and writers and has greatly influenced creation of meaning and images by both mystic and non-mystic poets. In this paper, short stories and long poems have been searched in the literary works and while finding the history of each, they were compared with a similar story. To do so, seventy short stories in Persian prose and poems are brought up the oldest of which are from Qaboosnameh and Sanaei’s Hadiqheh. Along with the popularity of writing Manzume in the tenth and eleventh century, there were eight independent Manzumes of which the mystical epic of Mahmoud and Ayaz by Zolali Khansari is the most important and detailed.

The social-political events are the main stimulus of the change of style in any period of time. In Iran, Constitutional Revolution, alongside the changes that caused in society, had a great influence in literature and by proposing social contents, caused the change in the style of the literati. Occurrences in Pahlavi’s government, increased the tendency toward community-oriented romantic and lead to change in style of poems and other artworks. Romanticism is a Literary school that emphasize on excellence of emotion and fiction rather than reasoning and intellection. This school has two branches: individual-emotional (dealing with personal world) and social (reflecting social events and attempting for change in society). Nosrat Rahmany is one of the pioneers of community-oriented romantic poetry in contemporary and one of the frustrated intellectual after the 1953 coup when social-political events caused him to turn toward people. Since this time on Rahmany considered the human emotions and feelings more important than individual and personal emotions. In this research, relying on Nosrat Rahmany’s poems, the transition of his thought from Individualist romantic to community-oriented romantic and characteristics of Individual romanticism and community-oriented romanticism were studied.

The comparative literature is a field of knowledge which compares the similar and different aspects of literary works in the different society and analyses the effects and influences of two or several works of art. These kinds of researches are usually done in different languages but other factors such as cultural and sociological background and lifestyle differences are taken into consideration in them. In comparative studies of narration, the similar and different aspects of themes, narrative elements and approaches are investigated. Khosrow & Shirin of Nezami Ganjehei and it’s imitation Padmavat of Abd-ul-Shakoor Bazmi Dehlavi are two great literary works in Iran and India. This research shows that they have similar and different aspects of narrative structure. Both of them have originated from historical events and characters; however, Nezami’s narration pays more attention to story and Indian narration pays more attention to history. The narrator of Nezami’s story is an omniscient and the narrator of Indian work is a limited omniscient. Both of them have made use of the chronological and mental time but the chronological time is more dominant. There are some differences and similarities in both works In transmission of the time and place of the narration. The description of natural views and ritual ceremonies and characters in different forms play an important role in realistic aspects in both works.

Ahmad Azizi is a contemporary poet who has incorporated the modern worries into his poems. Expressing meaning in his poems is influenced by his understanding of fields such as mystic literature, philosophy, and religion so that while creating images and figures of speech, in addition to Quranic verses, Hadiths, mystical, Islamic, philosophic, and literary terms, he benefits from the names of Iranian and western poets and scholars and their works, from seasons and flowers’ names, from the names of streets and neighbourhoods in Tehran, even from the machinery and mechanical instruments. The hypothesis in this study is based on the idea that expression of emotions in Azizi’s poems which has given an aggressive attitude toward mystical concepts, has formed by semantic music. This research studies the book of ‘Tarane-haye Iili’ by Shafi’i Kadkani. The research aimed at investigating aesthetic elements such as emotion, imagination, language, music and form in Azizi’s poems and searching and evaluating his words in his mental understanding.

Dissatisfaction with his present time is a characteristic of man which has caused him to escape from present time. He always tries to find an alternative for his unpleasant present situation. In doing so, he sometimes shelters himself in the past and sometimes in his future dreams. Regretting for the past and missing whatever he has lost which is a semantic part of nostalgia has always occupied man’s mind. Poets have expressed past regrets and nostalgia of that in their works employing linguistic techniques and images. This is realized as an unconscious behavior in Ibn-e-Khafaje’s poems. His components and instances of nostalgia are homesickness, missing the beloved person, mourning, and memory of myths. He pictures these matters in his poems with honest emotions and clear feelings. The present paper, employing a descriptive-analytical approach, studies the emergence of this social-psychological phenomenon in the poems of an outstanding poet from Andolos.

The romantic story of ‘ Shahsavar-e- Palngineh Poosh’ by Shouta Roustaveli is a cultural-literary reflection of the flourishing era of Georgian community and the high power of the ‘Queen Tamaar’ in the twelfth century A.D. Roustaveli, in the introduction of this ode, confesses that he has imitated an Iranian story in writing this work. Since some Georgian critics have claimed that the concepts that Roustaveli has used as the theme in his poem are found in none of Iranian narratives, this study mainly aimed at introducing this narrative to Persian speakers applying a morphological research approach.

Love and hope are among the themes which have always been expressed in the poetry of Iranian poets. The use of such words is effective on the psychological hygiene of the society and on the creation of a healthy and undisturbed life. The effect of optimism and hopefulness as essential and ideological qualities can be the basis for the removal of many obstacles and complexities particularly in the nowadays societies that are full of tensions and preoccupations. With respect to such Important themes as love and hope. The writer of the present article tries to show how contemporary poets have been able to improve the values and to create new and modern humanisitic landscapes by the assistance of philanthropic culture of the ancient Iran. For this purpose, some of their verses reflecting their thoughts in confrontation with despair, passivity and dishonor have been presented. The method of research in this study is the explication and analysis of optimistic verses of those contemporary poets who despite all hardships and failures of their own, have directed their readers, though for a short time, to the merry flower – garden of hope.

"Rahi-e Moayyery," is one of the best Persian contemporary Poet whose outstanding Ghazals, are admirable both in form and content. His friendship with musicians and music and with artists gave his poems a special taste. Although, '' Love '', is the most favorite issue in Rahi's Ghazals, he has considered other subjects such as: magnanimity and liberation, patriotism, lament of the fortune, description of beauties and glorification of great scholars and artists. His extraordinary natural and acquired qualities and qualifications empowered him in this matter.This study has tried to review the above- mentioned issues in Rahi's Ghazals by presenting evidence from his works.