نشریه راهبردهای آموزش در علوم پزشکی
سال پنجم شماره 1 (پیاپی 15، بهار 1391)

The education system can reduce the soft threats against countries and provide a base for the improvement of soft power. The purpose of this study was to provide a basic theoretical model of lesson planning that can increase the soft power and reduce the soft threats against the Islamic Republic of Iran. This descriptive-analytical and exploratory study was performed in 2011 through document and library research, brain storming, census and group discussion. The study population consisted of the educationalists of the Ministry of education and the educational sciences professors of Tehran universities. Stratified purposeful sampling was done in two stratifications and 80 people were selected for the study. Data were collected by a researcher-made questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out according to the research questions by descriptive statistics and inferential statistical methods such as factor analysis. After factor analysis, the desired pattern showed to have 6 "religious, philosophical and value", "political-security", "economic", "social", "psychological" and "curriculum management" dimensions, 16 components and 71 indicators. Maintaining and promoting the Islamic values, maintaining and providing the political and security, economic, social and psychological needs and interests are among the most important goals and values that threats against them are considered as threats against national security. Among the measures that can be taken in this field is making changes in the curriculum of schools and universities and leading toward national power and ultimately reduction of soft threats.

Teacher's stress and anxiety affects their occupational function and leads to weak function, absence from work, exhaustion and depression. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of teacher's anxiety on the quality of teaching in the classroom. This descriptive comparative study was performed in 2010-11 on all male and female high school teachers of Sabzevar. The sample of this study included 30 high school teachers both men and women and 300 of their students. Sampling was done using the simple random method. At the first step the teachers filled out the Cattell's anxiety questionnaire, and were divided into two groups (15 anxious and 15 non-anxious) with regard to their total scores. Then the Siraj's questionnaire of teaching quality (2003) was filled out by 300 of their students. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and Kolmogorov-Smirnov and independent t-test using SPSS 16 software. There was a significant difference between the total score of the teaching quality of anxious and non-anxious teachers (t=2.95, df=268, p=0.003), so that the teaching quality of non-anxious teachers was higher than anxious teachers. Teacher's anxiety affects the teaching quality to a high extent. There is significant difference between anxious and non-anxious teachers in the indicators of "teaching performance" and "interpersonal relations", but there is no significant difference in the indicators of "lesson plan" and "evaluation" between anxious and non-anxious teachers.

Aim s: Detection and recognition of the problems of changing the educational system is essential. The development of information technology needs the cooperation of all parts of educational system, but teachers and human resource planners play the main role in this regard. The purpose of this study was to investigate the problems of Information Communication Technology (ICT) use in learning-teaching process from teacher's point of view. This is a non- experimental background study. The study population consisted of all female high school teachers of public schools in Tehran in the academic year of 2009-10. Participants were 280 people selected by stratified random sampling. Data was collected by the Eskandari questionnaire and analysed by one sample T-test, independent T-test and ANOVA using SPSS 15 software. The main problems of using ICT in education were the problems related to educational items from teacher's point of view. There was significant correlation between the use of ICT and the field of study, educational experience, education level and age (p=0.01). The use of ICT should be prioritized in the Education Ministry and experts should be trained in this field. In addition, teachers should be trained in this field and clear policy making and planning and timely notification should be done with the aim of constitutionalizing the ICT use.

University plays an important role in increasing the competency and ability of students. Students do not become successful on their own and the University advisor can be a key of success. This study was carried out with the aim of assessing the students’ viewpoints about the university advisors’ duties and evaluating their satisfaction with their university advisors. This descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study was performed on medical sciences students of Babul University of Medical Sciences in the first academic semester of 2009-10. 231 students were selected by cluster randomized sampling. Data were collected using a researcher-made questionnaire and were analyzed by multi-variant regression, independent T-test, Chi-square test and variance analysis using SPSS 16 software. 71.7% of the students had few monthly refers to their advisors. Only 13.4% of the participants had proper awareness of the role of University advisors. 87.1% agreed with the presence of senior students beside the advisor. Most of the students were not satisfied with their advisors’ practice (M=35.4). Students satisfaction with advisor's practice was predicted by the visiting frequency (β=0.369, p=0.001) and their field of study (β=0.238, p=0.003). Students have little awareness of University advisors’ roles and duties and are not satisfied with their advisors’ practice. Creating a good advisor-student relationship is strongly recommended in this regard.

Cooperative learning is an active learning method that has attracted the attention of educationalists. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of cooperative learning through small group learning on the development of students’ social skills. This quasi-experimental study was carried out on male high school students of Kashan during 2009-10. 50 students were randomly selected from two of the 2nd grade classes of a high school in Kashan. The experimental group was taught using cooperative learning techniques, whereas the control group continued in their ordinary traditional method. Pretest was carried out before the intervention and post-test was carried out after implementing the experiment. Follow up was done 45 days after intervention. Data were collected through the Matson Evaluation of Social Skills and were analyzed by descriptive statistical methods and variance analysis with repeated measurements using SPSS 16 software. The mean scores of the experimental group showed significant difference between the pretest and post-test (p=0.0001) and also had significant difference with the control group (p=0.0001). There was also difference between the social skills of the two studied groups including the reduction of aggressiveness, impulsivity, dissocial behaviors, pride, jealousy and isolation (p=0.0001). Cooperative learning method is more effective in the development of students’ social skills compared to traditional learning methods.

Pre-internship comprehensive exam is the most important test of medical students and is able to evaluate their professional abilities. This study was done with the aim of determining the status of pre-internship comprehensive test results and related factors in one of Tehran medical universities during 2004-8. This descriptive-analytical study was carried out on 145 medical students of a Medical Sciences University in Tehran who had participated in pre-internship exam during 2004-8. All students were selected by census sampling method. Data collection was done by questionnaire and checklist of demographic characteristics and information on educational factors. Data were analyzed by SPSS 5 software using Student T-test, Chi-square test and ANOVA. 79.32% of students had passed the pre-internship exam in the studied time period. The average score of students was 109.5 and the national mean score was 121.3. There was significant correlation between pre-internship scores and sub-internship period mean score (p=0.0001). The mean score of comprehensive pre-internship test of the studied university has had a growing trend during the 5-year studied period, but has decreased in comparison with 2006. Considering the potentials of the studied university, it can obtain a more appropriate position through better policy-making and curriculum changes.

Experts believe that creativity can be enhanced through providing proper family environment. Considering that childhood is the most sensitive stage of creativity development, family is known as the most important base of creativity formation. The aim of present study was to investigate the effect of mothers’ expert knowledge enhancement program in the creativity field on their 2nd grade talented children`s creativity development. This semi-experimental study was carried out on 2nd grade children of a non-profit primary school in Tehran in 2007. The sample consisted of 32 students who were chosen by available sampling method and were randomly divided into two experimental and control groups. The data collection tools were Raven’s test and Jean-Louis Sellier’s creativity test. The research design consisted of pre-test, mothers’ expert knowledge-enhancing program, post-test and follow up. Data were analyzed by SPSS 15 using paired T-test and repeated measures analysis of variance. There was a significant difference between the pre-test and post-test scores (p=0.001), but no significant difference was observed in the control group (p>0.05). The comparison of scores between the experimental and control group showed significant difference in the follow up stage (p=0.001) and the function was better in the experimental group in comparison with the control group that showed the stability of the intervention effects after two months. Parents play an important and effective role in creativity development and educational progress of the students. Designing and composing proper educational programs for parents and their participation in the school’s educational programs will bring about creativity and educational progress.

The perspective of an organization will be achieved through strategies and these strategies can be determined by Balances Score Cared (BSC). This study was carried out with the aim of designing a conceptual model through integrating the BSC and EFQM excellence model with the help of Quality Function Development Matrix (QFD) in order to improve performance in the university environment. In this descriptive study, a combination of documental and field (structured interviews and questionnaires) methods were used for data collection. After reviewing the theoretical concepts, the two models were compared and their strengths and weaknesses were expressed. Then the conceptual model of performance management was presented using the combination of two models. To identify the strategic goals, two questionnaires of validity and reliability were used proportionate to the determined perspective with BSC approach. For determining the cause and effect relationship and integrating the two models, the QFD matrix was used. After determining the strategic goals and their relationship, the studied university's strategy map was drawn with respect to the expert's opinions. After determining the relationship between the BSC goals and EFQM criteria by QFD matrix, their relationships were drawn by QFD matrix. Integrating the BSC and EFQM Excellence model can provide a suitable framework for performance evaluation. Aligning the two models can provide improvement and increased productivity in universities.

E-content development must be considered the most important factor in e-learning and should be compatible with the principles of education. The reason is that in this kind of leaning, learners themselves actively incorporate with the content. In this descriptive-analytical research, subsystems of e-learning have been introduced after presenting the basic concepts of e-content and its components and its most important standard SCROM (Sharable Content Object Reference Model) has been analyzed and finally WEB 2 has been introduced as a wondrous evolution in e-content production.

In an e-learning system, establishing the subsystem of E-content and the planning and learning management which have the duty of managing the education of the individuals is an important affair. Developing the E-content based on the standards of content development also seems to be essential. Due to the special characteristics of SCROM standard, technology developers try to accommodate their products with this model and customers also insist on the compatibility of products with this model. One of the novel E-content development systems has provided the possibility of E-content development for general population through applying Web 2. Concurrent with the reduction of the complexity of E-content development systems, content development will be simply available for all individuals and people themselves can develop and publish any intended content in future.

In today’s high-speed world, information and communication technology has made a huge revolution in teaching and learning in a way that e-learning is replacing traditional education. On the other hand, researches show that mere e-learning has its own limitations and cannot totally replace traditional education (face-to-face). Therefore, considering the advantages and disadvantages of these two methods, experts try to mix different methods and believe that blended learning is an effective approach to resolve these issues. The purpose of the present article was to introduce blended learning and to investigate its effectiveness in education process. It seems that blended learning having the advantages of both approaches (traditional & e-learning), is a useful approach for increasing the effectiveness of learning, easy access to educational materials and increasing the cost-effectiveness. In addition, learner's personal differences are properly considered through proposing different learning opportunities along with increasing the attraction of education and since individuals learn in different ways, use of different learning methods seems necessary.