فصلنامه راهبرد فرهنگ
پیاپی 14-15 (تابستان و پاییز 1390)

The self-other relationship as an identification issue has been a serious matter in sociology and is considered as a problem for spirit of western modernity. Major western sociologists (Marx, Durkheim, Weber and Simmel) have tried to offer a plan for confronting the unsuitable effects of "confrontation of self and other" in the western modern culture. From the viewpoint of inter-civilizational and interfaith comparison, one should refer to the Islamic culture and hence the Quran and the tradition of the holy Prophet (PBUH) of Islam can be a sublime valid text for regulation of "ethical relation between self and other". The study of this relationship, particularly in the Shia teachings – for instance in the ideological project of Islam presented by the late scholar Ali Shariati titled, the Most Beautiful Worshipping Soul, which is about social, political, ethical, philosophical and mystical aspects of Shia invocation – enjoy very good capacities. Hence, the problem is: how is the relationship between self and other defined in the text of Shia invocation from perspective of philosophy of social ethics and philosophy of religious ethics The presupposition of the present research is that the discursive nature of the Shia invocation text has been able to transform it from an ordinary religious text to a domain for ideological, ethical identification with cultural-social consequences for the believers. Hence, the present research is a prelude to further research in this field. Therefore, a hermeneutical research in the original literature of Shia invocations has been conducted from the perspective of social philosophy of religious ethics to extract different relations of self and other in the texture of day-to-day life of the believers.

Thinking about death and its resulting consequences is among common concerns of man’s life and due to his natural inclination towards perpetuation of life, man always tries to isolate death. Since death is an irreversible experience, man can getclose to death only by observing the death of others and can understand its meaning on the basis of belief systems that justify death. A phenomenological analysis of the subjective experiences that eight participant women had of death indicates that first of all there are three concepts or central subjects in subjective experiences of death: Image of Death, Desirable Death, and Acceptance of Death. Secondly, among common aspects of subjective experiences of death, the most important of them are acceptance of death, faith in the hereafter, thinking about death, fear of death and inclination towards long life. Among the main distinctive aspects of subjective experiences of death, the most important of them are difference in image of death (differences in selection of time, place and kind of dying). Thirdly, the main outstanding distinction in conceptions of death is related to the influence of religion on the conception of death. Family plays a crucial role in creation of this understanding. People have different images of death on the basis of social backgrounds of their families and consequently kind of socialization.

One of the criticisms is usually leveled against measures of religiosity in our society is that most of these measures are not based on Islamic worldview. Since religiosity has different meanings on the basis of the contents of each religion, for a precise coining of a concept it is necessary to design indigenous models for every religion, including Islam. Among the models designed by Muslims to measure religiosity, one may mention MRPI, designed in Malaysia in 2007. Attempts have been made in the present study to normalize MRPI among Iranian youth and also to empirically compare it with the measures offered by Dr. Shojaizand and the measure borrowed from Glock and Stark models in a single population. The survey was conducted among the students of the University of Tehran. The sample constituted of 391 students. The findings of the research indicate that first of all the MRPI measure enjoys the scientific criteria of a scale; secondly, with regard to the degree of religiosity and relations between religiosity and background variables, the garnered data are almost equal for three measures. The Spearman correlation coefficients between the scores of measures confirm the high validity of the measures, to the extent that the MRPI’s correlation with Glock measure is 0.756 which is highly significant (s=0.000).

There are various definitions, theories and models of organizational culture. Organizational culture has been studied, investigated and measured through various methods. Diversity of these studies, both from theoretical or methodological viewpoints, has caused bewilderment in this discipline. However, according to scholars, the maturity of a scientific concept has always been accompanied with the development of its research methodology. The present paper therefore focuses on the typology of studies of organizational culture through descriptive-analytical method. The present typology is based on three criteria, i.e. ontology, epistemologyand methodology. The research field of the present study includes theoretical texts, measurement tools, and empirical studies about organizational culture. After analysis of texts and theories of organizational culture, four types of studies of organizational culture were found (including studies based on sub-cultures, studies based on key features, two-stage studies based on combination of key features and sub cultures, and studies based on limited scope approach). The characteristics of each type were classified and then the types of organizational culture were studied with regard to methodological factors.

The Islamic civilization began its formation and expansion with the establishment of the Prophetic state. But, what really caused this civilization to turn into one of the most significant civilizations in the world history within ten centuries were several fundamental features, two of which will be discussed in this paper: the eclectic nature and cultural unity of this civilization in all stages. These two features have guaranteed the development, dynamism and perpetuation of creativity of Islamic civilization which stretched out up to the modern time and then was stopped. Eclecticism helped this civilization to integrate the pre-Islam traditions of the conquered lands within monotheistic worldview, while cultural unity helped the formation of a permanent intra-civilizational cycle, which led to the transfer of culture, art and science. The present paper is an attempt to study the said two features with emphasis on the fields of Islamic art and sciences.

The present paper is an attempt to critically study the MA theses in the field of sociology. The focus of this paper is the subjects and methods used in these theses and their relations with each other. For conceptual framework of the present research two theories were used: the theory of levels of social reality of George Ritzer for analyzing the subjects, and knowledge and human interests of Habermas for analyzing the methods in the dissertations under study. The statistical population constituted of all dissertations of the departments of sociology of the faculties of social sciences across the country. The sampling was done by intentional and nonprobable sampling methods and therefore the two faculties of social sciences of the university of Tehran and Allama Tabatabie University were chosen for collection of data. The findings of the research indicate that subjective issues dominated objective issues. But, the issues studied at the faculty of Social Sciences of Allama Tabatabie University were mainly micro issues while those of the University of Tehran were macro issues. However, with regard to research methods, critical methods were rarely used in both the universities. With regard to the relations between the subjectsand methods, the findings of the research indicate that the research methods were not often chosen on the basis of the subjects and requirements of the research, but on the basis of habit and prevailing research methodologies.

The general model of strategic management has three dimensions: strategic planning; strategic implementation and strategic control. Strategic control is different from operational control and normally it is neglected in preparation of national strategies. Since the National Comprehensive Map of Knowledge has been prepared, it is necessary to pay attention to one of its complementary loops, that is, designing and preparation of the strategic control system. This system has certain aspects and framework and the present paper is an attempt to offer its primary design. The general framework of the proposed strategic control system of the plan has four aspects: principles, content, structure and contexts, each of which has its subsections which are explained in the present paper.

The main objectives of the present paper are: to reread the status of science in both first and second models of science; to study their presuppositions; and finally to critically reflection on the trans-scientific nature of second model of production of science (with emphasis on market-industry sector). With the entry of societies into the postindustrial era and that of cultures into the postmodern age, the status of science has undergone some changes and a new paradigm has replaced it. Michael Gibbons and other writers consider this change and development in the status of science as a transition of science from the first model – just like basic research which is conducted and monitored on the basis of scientific curiosity in the universities or similar institutions by self-rule scientific communities – to a science in the second model which is conducted in an applied context and is evaluated, audited, guided by complex regimes. This approach to science (second model of science) that has a trans-scientific and post-university nature, although accompanied with opportunities, faces certain challenges as well. This problem has been studied in the present paper by using three categories of basic values of science, institutional integrity of university and missions of education and research. The findings of the research indicate that the second model of science whose features include commercialization and commoditization of science has a parasitic nature with profiteering and entrepreneurial objectives which cannot substitute the first model. Some suggestions have been given for facing off the threats and challenges.

On the basis of the development substitute paradigm, one of the significant aspects of human development is promotion of public health through communication with individuals. Every one prefers a specific communication tool to gain the required information. Hence, attempts have been made in the present research, which was conducted through cross-sectional survey, to design appropriate communication models for informing rural facilitators about the hazards of consumption of food products containing chemical ingredients. Hence, 42 facilitators from two districts of Humeh and Naqsh Rustam of the Marvdast City of Fars Province were studied through census method. The necessary data were collected through observation, interview and questionnaire. The formal validity of the questionnaire was acknowledged by experts and its reliability was measured by a study out of main sample. The findings indicate that there are outstanding differences between the facilitators of the two districts with regard to their individual, social economic and media characteristics. The existence of these differences shows that it is not possible to use a single model of communication for both the groups. Therefore, by grouping the facilitators of the two districts, suitable models of communication for enhancing awareness were offered for each of both groups.

The present paper focuses on the work culture in the children storybooks by studying and measuring such categories as the concept of work, introduction of work or kinds of jobs, values and procedures of work, different attitudes to work, and way of expression of content. The statistical population of the present study includes all children storybooks written for the children between seven and 12 years of age between 2001 and 2006. Content analysis has been used for the analysis of the data. Among the categories studied, the main focus was on the concept of work which constituted 50 percent of the categories used in these works; the figure for work values and procedures stood at 21.27 percent, for introduction of work or different kinds of jobs 18.95 percent, different attitudes to work 2.02 percent, and way of expression of content 1.51 percent. Also 66.8 percent of the total registration units indirectly refer to work. The frequency of the registration units related to the category of work values and procedures, which is the most specified category in measurement of work culture, shows that the most registration units are respectively: work values (with 137 registration unit equivalent to 46.92 percent); attention and emphasis on work principles and rules (with 57 registration unit equivalent to 27.01 percent) and attaching significance to work (with 17 registration unit equivalent to 8.05 percent).