فصلنامه مطالعات تاریخ اسلام
پیاپی 11 (زمستان 1390)

Attendence of the Europian missionary – guidancing groups in Iran, is one of the remarkable discussions in the Safavid history, and the Carmelites were the most important group among them. The Carmelite, as a Catholic group and an emissary by the Pope, to establish Unity between Iran and Europian States against Ottoman‚ also promoting Catholic religion‚ came Iran under Shah Abbas I‚ and to materialize these aims‚ They embarked different activities‚ and were always supported by the Safavids’ Kings before their fall. Therefore‚ they could have an active enduring presence in Iran to the end of Safavid’s era and even after it. The Carmelites’ presence and their activities in the Safavid’s era Iran had Consequencies in different political‚ cultural‚ social and religious fields‚ while mostly in the direction of the Pope’s aims and some Europian states.After displaying a brief introduction about Carmelites and the quality of their presence in the Safavid’s era Iran‚ the article tries to dig a hole in search of the consequencies of their religious presence in mentioned period.

About the first half of 5th A.D., the Bani Qaisar kings of Kish succeeded in establishing a local government in Kish Island. In addition, in the late of 5th and the early of 6th centuries A.H., they had the intention of extending their influence all over the Persian Gulf, specially in Bahrein Islands, in the southern coast of the Persian Gulf. Since the year of 469 A.H., the local governments rose to power in Bahrein region, who, because of their founder name, Amir Abdullah b. Ali al-Oyuni, were known as Oyunid rulers. They ruled two centuries (469-636A.H.), on some regions such as al-Ahasa, Qatif and Awal. In the late of 5th century or the early of 6th century A.H., they arranged some attacks from Kish to Bahrein and finally the Oyunid rulers had to obey them. This study aims to investigate political and economic relations between the Bani Qaisar kings of Kish and Oyunid rulers of Bahrein and analysis the outcomes of this relationships. So by using descriptive-analytical method and primary sources, it has been indicated that Oyunid rulers of Bahrein obeyed Bani Qaisar kings of Kish both economically and politically.

Ibn Sabbagh Maleki (784 -855 A.H) is one of the Sunnite writers of 9th century who has written a book by the title of al – Fosul ul – Mohemmah fi Marefat ul - A‛emmah in the field of the Twelve Imams’ (PBUT) lives. In compilation this book, he has benefited extensively from the writing of a Shiite learned man in 7th century, Ali b. Isa Arbeli (D.622 A.H.), by the title of Kashf ul – Ghommah fi Ma‛refat ul - A‛emmah, but he has not mentioned him all over his book. So, two probabilities are likely about his purpose using above 1. Preventing from being accused to be a Shiite and being lost the book its value as a reliable source, and or protecting his book originality; 2. Not to be accused of copying from another book.In this essay, along with studying the direct and indirect resources used by Ibn Sabbagh, will reveal itself that he has not avoided himself using the Shiite resources, because he has frequently mentioned such sources in his book. Therefore, his refusing to mention his main sources has been to suggest his writing originality to the readers.

Historians of Qajar Iran have tended to see the term shaykh al-islam referred to in the sources as a reference to the state appointed office of shaykh al-islām that existed in the Persianate world since Timurid times. More recently some scholars have suggested that in the Qajar era the designation no longer referred to an official post and was only a title which certain families that once held this position had inherited. This study will make use newly discovered archival sources to trace the usage of the term shaykh al-islam applied to several members of the Tammāmī family, an Arab émigré family that migrated to Iran during the Safavid period.The rise of the Tammāmī family can be traced to the Afshar period when members were first appointed to the post of shaykh al-islām of Shiraz. In the Qajar period, in particular between 1220-1323/1806-1906, leading members of the family were actively involved in the religious economy of the town. They were responsible for preparing and registering legal contracts and became administrators (mutawallīs) and supervisors (nāzirs) of a number of important religious endowments (waqfs) in Shiraz and Marvdasht. The increase in the social prestige of the leading members of the family during this period is also confirmed by marriage alliances with older more well established families of Shiraz. The advent of the Constitutional Revolution and subsequent reforms to the judicial system in Iran, however, weakened the position of the family and ultimately led to a decline in its prosperity.

One of the Safavids’ government serious problems in its foreign relations, even in its civil affairs‚ was numerous tensions and wars with Uzbeks in the east. The Safavids’ problems with Uzbeks perhaps were more serious than their difficulties with Ottmoans‚ because fighting with Ottomans who had definite army camps‚ was easier than making war with Uzbeks‚ that retreated as soon as Safavid army attached them‚ and waged surprised wars. On the other hand‚ because of positioning Safavids’ capital in Tabriz and Qazvin‚ rapid reaching to the western borders was more possible than eastern bondaries. Anyway‚ Uzbeks’ problem which caused a great trouble for safavids‚ is suitable deep – sighting. The original root of Iran and Uzbeks’ difference is hidden in a halo of various causes. Doubtless‚ Uzbeks’ tendency to expand territory and gaining new and populated lands and pastures‚ was the main cause of Uzbeks’ raids to Khorasan.This research is on the causes of Uzbeks’ offensives to Iran during Safavid era in a descriptive – analytical way and has been done by studying main historiographical and documental resources of that period.

The authoritives who have investigated on Persian arts and industries‚ have given a name to Industrial Revolution as a change of man’s look to different material and Cultural matteres of life; a period was produced in it a field for appearance of widespread series of inventions‚ explorations and innovations; and as a result‚ was bound for markets an accumulated bulk of western territories produced goods‚ which provided people’s necessary goods in a traditional method. The Fact that the appearance of this phenomenon what measure has influenced on Persian art and industries is a question the present research has tried to answer in brief. The present Studies consequencies on Persian arts and handicrafts in two points of time‚ before and after the industrial revolution‚ revealed theough this‚ happened a few general positions for Persian handicrafls: Some transformed and generally speaking‚ were produced in a modern form; another group rushed forward in rivalry arena more than ago and continued their motions brisk and powerfully; a few were forgotten and could not carry on with their survivals; certain came face to face with too little briskness; some by protecting authenticity and tradition‚ changed and continued their permanences.

Muhammad b.Abubakr is one of the few outstanding celebrities in Islamic history and culture who had collected in him twins familial and ideological noble birth and honour. On the one hand‚ his blood relation with Abubakr‚ on the other‚ his friendship bond with Imam Ali (PBUH) brought about his character different reflexes in Shiite’s and Sunnites’s resources.The Causes of different reflections of Muhammad’s personality in the two sides‚ is the main problem‚ the present article makes an effort to explanate it by turning to a descriptive – analytical method and shows the Islamic historiography by bestowing favour on his familial and ideological position‚ has drawn dual personalities for him‚ unequal from value respect. This inequality‚ reflexed in the mould of two pure and impure charaters‚ originates from the kind of the Shiite’s and Sunnite’s resources attitude to his biography and genealogical tree which have been benefited as instruments to draw these double personalities.