پژوهش نامه تاریخ
پیاپی 22 (بهار 1390)

Al-Buyid was started when Shiite's twelveth imam absence happened and Shiite's scholars was starting to act more, The result was extension of Shiite which caused to increase Shiite rites. Shiite's scholars in that age was Sheikh Sadog (died in 991), Sheikh Mofid (died in 1022), Seyed Razi (died in 1016), Sheikh Tossi (died in 1068) had a good relationship with Al-Boyeh that caused to stretch Shiite culture in that era. Reclamation of Shiite slogan and accomplishment of Ashora rite, Qadir celebration, constructing library and central science places, repairing Imam's tombs and the regnant of Al-Boyeh attend to accomplish Shiite's slogan especially in Bghdad when Ahmad Moezodole was regnant of that city. These caused to progressing of Shiite slogan in that era.

The necessity for moving center of Islamic Caliphate is among those subjects which always mattered during different period of Islamic history and follow-ed by important effects. Changing the center of Islamic Caliphate from Medina – as the first Islamic government capital – to newly established city of Kufa, is considered one of the most important events of highness Ali (peace be upon him) Caliphate period. This alteration played an important role in shaping political events between  to  A.H. This city established in  A.H during Omar Caliphate, used as a military base and logistic center to make sure Arab achievements in Iran would continue, but eventually by increasing emigration of Arab tribes, Kufa became an important effective center in political and cultural affairs and served this special place during the Caliphate of highness Ali (PBUH) and Umayyad dynasty. On this basis, the article tries to survey briefly the reasons of changing Caliphate center from Medina to Kufa.

In analyzing Saqifa events which led to immigrants victory, a set reasons has been given.the first one was long-standing and rooted hostility as well as jealousy between the tribes Khazarj and Aws,which has been an important factor in Abu Bakr victory.the second reason was ansar’s passive and defensive position and Abu Bakr’s special personality and arguments particular his citing Hadith Al_aemato men Al_qoraish. Imam Ali(p.b.u.h) and other Bani Hashim elders, involvement with washing and shrouding the propht’s clear body and their absence in made a Abu Bakr victory easier. Another factor influential the Fixation of the Caliphate of Abu Bakr was entering Bani Aslam tribe and their role in taking allegiance to Abu Bakr. Sa’d b Ubada disease and trying to get special allegiance to Abu Bakr by Omar was another factor for the victory of immigrants. Besides Tolaqa’ role in the stabilization of Saqifa achievement and Ansar removed from the political scene needs to be conciderd. In this study, using analytical methods based on first-hand historical sources the main factors affecting the success of immigrants and failure Ansar have been investigated.

The event of Karbala was among the most important events in early history of Islam and the martyrs of Karbala were the heroes of this event and hence at the center of concerns. Yet unfortunately in process of time the name and identity of some of them have been forgotten, but in contrast, some names are taken to be the martyrs of Karbala, while they had no role in that event. The main cause of this mistake must be sought in relying on some unreliable sources. This article, resorting critically to some old books and sources, proceeds to examine the identity of five persons claimed to be among the martyrs of Karbala and come to this conclusion that they were not in that battle at all. And as an advice, says that concerning the event of Karbala, beside old and ancient books, we must survey its authenticity.

Formation of different classes in human societies has been one of the consequences of population growth and the complexity resulting from that in initial communities. This process, dating back to the human history, has occurred in Iranian society too. However, the analysis of social classes based on the ancient Iranian myths andstories (national narratives) has been considered less. How the formation of social classes and their assignment, divisions and function in the national narratives of Iran, is the main issue of this research. The present study shows that the root of social strata can be searched in the Indo-European society. Initially these were divided into three groups: Srvanan (Clergymen), Artshtaran (military) and Vastryvshan (farmers). But away from the Gahan society, other classes were created too including teachers, craftsmen, craft eyes, musician, etc. National narratives, assign these classes to Jamshid. The structure of social strata of Iran, Relying on livelihoods and moral society, has been based on the principle of dutifulness in order to avoid interfering in the affairs, each class will work in the disposal of evil forces and maintenance of divine Justice and faith.

Eastern parts of Iran especially the greater khorasan have usually a vital role in the cultural political and economical strands in country, such as Mashhad which intengeled with Hasan Khan salar's sedition in the time of Nasir-aldin shah Qajar. The sedition of Mohhammad Hasan Khan Salar the son of Allayar Khan Asefoddole began in1260 H.Q. but it had origin in the reign of Asefoddole's government at Khorasan. In fact Allayar Khan Asefoddole Dvallo who is one period of theprominent figures of Qajar's and Mohammd shas uncle is concerned as a cause of this sedition. Provoking his son Hasan Khan caused sedition in khorasan during five years. This article deals-with discretion of this event and its factors by a new glance.

In this paper, according to the mechanisms, political structure, foundations and legitimacy of exercising power in traditional societies; specific and differentiated aspects of Achaemenid rule system of government than other traditional societies are discussed. Also relying on the religious and territorial policies Achaemenid, is shown that founder of the Achaemenid kings, influenced by notions such as "Izadi splendor"(Farah-e Izadi) and “DAD” (justice) were formed the Thought "Iranshahr". To avoid harm to collapse and cosmic order, sacred, and the uncontrolled exercise of power outside the above concepts are settled away. Resorting to attention and follow the concepts, norms and customs of society, distinct way the Achaemenid rule was, with "Eastern dictatorship" and "tyranny" Iranian government "Motghlbh" (dominant).

Javameol olum book is a collection of various sciences by Ibn Farighun, with the aim of training courtiers with emphasis on the practical aspect of science that has been developed in the second half of fourth century. The author has divided the book into two parts. Court sciences have been raised in the first article and in the second, philosophical and religious sciences have been emphasized. The author has tried to explain different sciences briefly and effectively. In any of the articles subsidiary branches of science have been stated. Among reviewing Javameol olum book, this paper has noted Ebne Farighun’s approach toward science and classification of sciences.