نشریه مدیریت شهری
پیاپی 29 (بهار و تابستان 1391)

Ecotourism is a sort of tourism that leaves the least deleterious effects on Environmental and Natural Resources. It contributes to preservation, survival, and continuation of species and natural habitats. It was introduced 1990 as an intermediary to sustainable development by NGOs, development experts and academic centers and has been studied ever since. In recent years this issue has attracted notable attention. Different organizations and at the head of them, the Cultural Heritage and Tourism organization has planed and constructed such sites in different regions and scales. Despite all these efforts, Sometimes selection of these sites is faced with challenge and need for smart and responsible choice is felt to meet the expectations of experts, officials and people. Now the question is: what criteria should be considered for locating sites with natural tourism potential? How can influence the importance of these criteria with respect to the available options in the final choice? This article will propose the systematic and accurate process for locating these sites with formation of the focus group discussion and composite it to analytical Hierarchy Process. Research method is Case study with making use of combinational strategies, and data collecting with field visits and the library methods. The research instrument is AHP plus Math-lab software with respect to the pervasive computations for forming the process.

A lot of different arguments have been done about urban historical texture in the literature of architecture and urbanism. Some considerations are done about urban historical texture in architecture and urbanism literature of IRAN up to now. However, they are scattered. Extent, variety and complexity of them have caused many difficulties in the Histology of the urban historic texture.For this purpose many studies in texture ground in different scientific. Theories, outlooks and conceptual framework of texture concept are considered. Many different observation and considerations were done from urban historical texture of Iran specific YAZD city. The elements, relationships, intermediates and etc, are explicated. These cases are collected and edited by descriptive-analytical method. Hierarchy model are made from them. Equivalent Counterpart elements and containing Counterpart elements are considered so that system and subsystem of the urban historical textures were explicated. In system theory base, the urban historical textures system was definite and was presented in model framework. It was used from induction and reduction cycle process and reverse. IT was edited detail to total after it was districted confidence results. Consequently this model can be highly recommended to use in Urbans historical texture.

Structural design - a change in strategic thinking, rational and Holistic worldwide have emerged. The main objective of this study was to evaluate alternative structural designs - strategic urban development plans. Key research questions include: 1 - the preparation and implementation of structural design - What is strategy? 2 - Whether the structural design - a strategy can be a good alternative to the pattern of urban development plan? The main hypothesis of this research is: Structural design pattern - with the approval of a strategic approach to local planning seems to be a good alternative to the pattern of urban development plan. The methodology of this study point to the "analogy" and the "induction" is based on. Finally, the study of how urban design district 9 Tehran (with strategy); The plan detailed how the 9th Tehran-based strategic master plan of the main hypotheses are tested. Becomes clear that structural plan - a strategic alternative to the pattern of urban development plans are prepared.

Education effectiveness has an important and permanent role on the improvement of the scientific and career awareness of rural managers. Accordingly, the availability and presentation of effective educational and training programs will require new thinking, new models, new approaches and new tools and mechanisms. This ongoing project is an answer to such fundamental questions as: have the finished educational workshops for rural managers resulted effectively to the increasing and improvement of their informational level and knowledge and consequently change their attitudes and behaviors? The statistical data of the research consist of 22% of the total rural managers (4100 Dehyar). The methodology of this project is an applied form because of its own object and also its data collecting includes descriptive method. On the other hand, the present study is a kind of value determining to because we need to gathering of information for evaluation of the responses and bbeneficiary attitudes, which it is called supplementing information by Richard Wolf. The results of this study show that the training courses for rural managers have had effective and considerable improvement on their knowledge. And in the end, the practical suggestions are presented.

While the Cities are the largest human gathering place for people living influenced in the behavior and performance, and formed the city based on their needs and desires and cities and how layout of spaces the whole city system has affected the On the type of human behavior and functions. The study and understanding of these relationships can be located in place of any space or any type of uses. Among this, space syntax theory is relatively a new theory that rooted in discrete mathematics science (theory of graphs), since the 1980s this theory has entered in the urban and architectural issues. This theory examines the relationship between syntax of spaces and focuses on individual behavior in these spaces with using the definition of intelligibility, connectivity, integration, depth and axial map. Using this theory and factor analysis in Arcgis, Arc view software in Basht city to pay of review this accumulation commercial uses in the Valiasr Street and result in the riding and pedestrian trips density in the streets. Finally this research will determine the cause of this accumulation and its subsequent trips density is elevated intelligibility, connectivity, integration and low depth in the Valiasr Street Basht city.

In contemporary capitalism, the city as an appropriate location and urbanization as a way favorable to the environment is considered. Penetrate and influence the culture of capitalism in the Third World, including Iran Heterogeneous urban concentration caused rapid urban population growth and massive migration of rural–urban. Today the city of Karaj, institutional-managerial numerous issues, including, Weak administrative and regulatory agencies on urban issues, Selective management of urban services to residents of the neighborhood, The lack of efficient decision-making tools and information and documents in the city of Karaj and Instability in the urban management, urban issues are becoming more complex. In this paper, Institutional structure - management the city Karaj of using SWOT techniques have been evaluated. And according to research findings, strengths and opportunities of properly obtained in order to overcome weaknesses and threats are not used. The strengths weaknesses and Threats on the opportunities are dominant. And type of strategy, (contingency) diversity strategies will show. And in the end priorities QSPM matrix based on strategies and is suggested.

development of countryside dwelling always was one of the important disturbance of the politicians & programmers of countryside area and in that direction different schemes in the form of the development programs have been run, that special scheme of the upgrading and updating of country side dwelling is last and important of those are in the country; a scheme with a goal of preparing relative, stable countryside dwelling was created and with updating minimum 200 thousand countryside dwelling a year is changed to the most effective contemporary countryside development programs in Iran and the process of the changes that happened in frame and shape of the countries is accelerated. According to outlook of the scheme that updates should be meantime preparing dwelling of country men, causing increase the quality of the every dwelling and circulation of the “local patterns of countryside dwelling “, the goals that in point of the specialists completing all of this after six years of being executive the scheme is not come into conclusion. This paperwork meantime introducing briefly the goals of the special scheme of updating and upgrading of countryside dwelling, it considers of importance of this scheme in development contemporary countryside dwelling after that with consideration the direction of constructing countryside dwelling in form of this scheme analyzes the position of local patterns of countryside dwelling so with introducing effective zones at running patterns understand the cause of not performing completely of scheme in using local patterns of countryside dwelling and suggest for using the values, which are important and in present day are not using anymore and sometimes present this values that is similar at architecture constructing of contemporary countryside dwelling.

Different factors involved in accepting a new technology that regardless of them, all activities carried out can be defeated. Including the fundamental issues in this area is that within the integrated model, manufacturer agents, what factors can affect city services, electronic acceptance by citizens and affect the relationship between variables what is the integrated model. The main purpose of this study to determine factors affecting adoption services Electronic City model combination of information technology acceptance (TAM) and theory of planned behavior (TPB) and Variable Trust is trust. The purpose of applied research, methods and descriptive nature and matched in terms of when the method is Survey Data from a library collection methods and models to test questionnaires were used. In the next stage after determining the validity and reliability of a questionnaire to 160 residents were randomly cluster distribution was then collected. Data from 16 SPSS software were analyzed and the results were presented as tables and charts. The results of study showed that the highest correlation between variables of perceived usefulness and confidence, perceived usefulness and attitude, attitude and confidence, and changing attitudes and willingness to use there. The weakest correlation between the variables of perceived ease of use and subjective withdrawal, withdrawal and mental confidence, and willingness to use mental harvest, and harvest variables, mental and behavioral control is perceived.

Today, Iran encounters increase of citie's Population and thus development of large and small Cities. With increasing Urban Problems, Such as, Physical Spread of Cities, the demand for Traveling and Commuting faces with several Problems. In response to these Problems, It has been absorbed by development of ICT. This sort technology has been introduced as the most important axis of change and development and its findings, also, are related to the life of People in such a way that and ignoring this Phenomenon creates great disorder in society. Shiraz is among cities that in Counters rapid growth of Population, Wide Spread of transportation means into transportation network, Structure of communication and access network and low degree of culture of Public transportation means. Therefore, in order to existing Problems, the Present study is attempted to examine effective use of ICT for decreasing traveling and commuting demands. Research type is applied-developmental and research method is documental-surrey. For data analysis, Spss and Excel software’s were used and for spatial and analysis Arc view software was employed. In the end of this research that sub structures of ICT in Shiraz enjoy relatively appropriate status and, also, there is a significant relationship between Citizens" awareness and literacy degree and decrease of traveling and commuting demands, In addition, deficiency of educational and cultural. Substructures were effective on success of ICT strategies.

Transport and urban traffic is one of the most essential problems facing the mega cities particularly in the developing countries like Iran. These problems often present themselves in the form of traffic congestion, lengthening of travel time, reduction of safety and increase in air pollution. Hence city managers were set to employ different methods to manage and control traffic. Establishing traffic control zone is one of the methods and policies used in some large city centers to reduce traffic flow. Recently with the decision of the State Traffic High Council it is expected that some major cities in Iran including Shiraz implement traffic control zone in near future. This article examines peoples’ opinion regarding implementation of traffic control zone in Shiraz. In this study effort has been focused first to the extent of popularity and support of people for traffic control zone and secondly identifying the influencing factors on it. Data for this study was collected through questionnaire specifically designed for this purpose from samples of residents and working people in Shiraz. Even though several factors affect the results, this study shows that a high percentage of those questioned concurred with the implementation of this plan.

Investigation theoretical concept of governance indicated that although this concept is more important in recent years, but in fact it has historical root, and its nature is in Interaction between actors in rural community life including government, civil society and people. It’s a model through which the participation and cooperation at all functional Forces and at all levels Geographical can provide sustainable development in rural areas. In this regard in recent years, leading experts and researchers working on defining the Governance dimensions and indicators to measure status quo has been focused and less attention has been Factors affecting Governance and causal explanation of these factors. This study aimed at explaining the factors affecting rural governance in local government of Qazvin Township. The research approach is survey methods and required data is gathered using the stratified sampling and completing questionnaire from 450 persons of head of rural households, 47 Rural Municipalities, Rural Islamic Councils and all of District Administrations (DAs) in the township. People were selected using multistage stratified sampling with optimal allocation method. Cronbach alpha coefficient was calculated equal to %69, %76 and %95 indicating the reliability appropriateness of the questionnaire. Data was evaluated by correlation coefficients and path analysis. The results indicate that the rural governance index in 50 percent of local governances is undesirable, 40 percent average and only 10 percent is desirable. Also RM’s degrees, rural population, job satisfaction and education and management style Village administrators (VA), social cohesion, and effective interaction with neighboring RMs and VA’s experience variables are the most important factors affecting rural Governance.

People in all ages and times have been faced with the problem of scared resources and facilities; despite of the sciences and technologies they are still limited in resources. Therefore, organizations and institutions are forced to use their limited resources in the most efficient ways. In this study, the technical efficiencies of municipals in 30 provinces of Iran for the period of 2006-2008 is analyzed. The technical efficiency of each municipal is analyzed to subdivide the municipalities by efficiency. Holding the inputs total revenues, the number of personnel and area services constant; the increase in the urban development costs is calculated applying a non-parametric method of DEA technical efficiency under fixed and variable returns to scale. The estimated results indicate that less than 50% of the municipals are surrounded with complete technical efficiencies and they may be used as a model for inefficient ones. Based on the method of variable returns to scale and the output- oriented; the results also show that Ahvaz, Ilam, Kord, Qazvin, Tehran and Yasouj municipalities are a 100 percent efficient and they require no change in their inputs and outputs. On the other hand, Arak, Ardebil, Bandar Abbas, Bojnourd, Bushehr, Gorgan, Hamadan, Kerman, Khorram Abad, Qum, Rasht, Sanandaj, Sari, Shiraz, Urmia, Zahedan and Zanjan municipalities are all inefficient and they have never reached a complete efficiency.

Construction and development projects to certified figures, the volume of capital and human resources involved the largestindustry in Iran. Rapid population growth and increasing demand, reducing the time needed to deliver development projects and reduce capital investment and time to have been caused by factors such as the necessity to change traditional practices in the construction industry. By taking advantage of the technologies needed to build community and develop appropriate technology and skills in other industries, it is changing society. Such demands, which sometimes leads to innovation and technology transfer. Great extent with the problem of worn out tissues and the lack of clear strategies on planning and project management and implementation of the modernization of these tissues, caused by the existing laws and regulations also provide a small and not old urban tissue with increasing trend to become the most important challenges in Tehran. Topics related to earthquake and disaster management and primarily social, economic and scalable physical and functional qualities, especially the need to modernize their approach to the inevitable. This article has attempted to define the precise construction of the new technologies, the importance of developing new technologies in the construction industry and identify the risks arising from use of these technologies in the context of renovation projects should beworn and in the category and clarify any uncertainties to the roots causes of the most important of these factors will be addressed.

Lack of required investments is one of the most important factors leading to increasing texture deterioration and renewal plans failure. This research evaluates different financing methods to renew deteriorated texture. Hamzehabad Neighborhood in district 20 of municipality of Tehran, in which revitalization and renewal plan is prepared, has been selected as the case study. Here, financing is a problem to execute the project. Regarding financing methods weaknesses and strengths, we should determine the effective selection criteria. In this research we evaluate 6 financing methods in order to renew this neighborhood. Participation, administrative convenience and efficiency are the three criteria according to which financing methods are evaluated. Freidman Test and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) have been applied to prioritize the methods on the basis of each index. Data are analyzed using SPSS and CAMFAR software. Results show that Hamzehabad inhabitant’s participation rate has been rather good. Joint venture method has the highest priority among financial resources methods. Bank loans, project shareholder, metric sale and participation bonds are placed, respectively, in the lower priorities. According to the urban manager’s view, the simplest method from execution point of view is metric sale and participation bonds and the others are in the lower priorities. It seems that here, Joint venture method with the highest IRR is the best financing method. Metric sale, BOT, civil participation, bank loans and project shareholder are placed in the lower rankings

Today population reception with their economic and social problems made shape of city, urbanity, and urbanism. Although, remedy and hygiene are primary necessities, so suitable and dynamic servicing to urbanites require establishing remedial services centers in suitable places in city that play the important role in providing comfort of citizens, So better locating and servicing problem of these centers in city is important. So, current study require to consideration of remedial environments and their post access to them. correct locating, that we characterized direction of locating of semnan remedial centers with considering city important control and using integration of geographical information system GIS and the method of scaling of hierarchy analyze AHP for determining action radius of better location of remedial centers in this study and them whit regarding to integrating data rather than 4 hospital in semnan city, the new hospitals have been offered.Really this study as practical and fundamental study can use by city manager, programmers.

In the present era, the importance of green spaces in urban environments is to an extent that is considered as one of the sustainable development indicators. Physical and natural impacts of these spaces in urban systems and its various ecology, social, and economic efficiency in structure of society are irrefutable; as this green space in cities and its per capita is considered the major issues in planning and urban management. Regarding the high environmental ability and privileged position of intersection, developing city of Miandoab, with a population of about 120 thousand people in South West Azerbaijan Province, has been faced with tremendous increasing of population and physical growth in the recent years. Consequences of such rapid growth can be seen in urban disproportionate physical development, urban environment gradual destruction, orchards and agricultural land use changes in surrounding of the cities. However, analysis and investigation of green space land use and its per capita in the Miandoab city with appropriate recommendations is important in order to balance the social and physical structure of cities. The present study, implemented with descriptive- analytical approach by using statistical data related to two different time periods in 1380 and 1390, shows that unlike national and international standards that provided for urban green space land use, despite the high environmental ability, the Miandoab city is facing a fundamental deficiency. Over the past decade, simultaneous to relative increase in the urban green space per capita, differences between regions in these spaces have been also dramatically increased and imbalances in the spatial distribution of urban parks became more intense. Finally, using an appropriate model and considering the abilities and environmental and social requirements for the city, appropriate per capita has been proposed as a case study.

Today, developing talent management is one of the major factors of business and a key component of sustainable competitive advantage in organizations. The present study has examined the rule of talent management strategies in Isfahan city municipality. Sweem's model is used for talent management measurement. Population of this research included all employees with diploma degrees and higher and the number 217 was chosen as the sample. Single-sample t test, Friedman test and correlation applied for test of hypotheses. Research results indicate that the level of talent management strategy in the municipality of Isfahan is above average and according to the staff,"communication" has the highest points and "rewards and recognition" had the lowest points among talent management strategy components.

Tohid tunnel has been built by Tehran’s municipality to decrease traffic (in 4 districts “2, 6, 10, 11”), environmental pollution and gas consumption of vehicles. Construction of this tunnel took 29 months, from Khordad 1386 to Bahman 1388. Construction process and after completion, the tunnel itself have had many positive and negative effects on target groups. Effects of the project have been assessed using 10 step ETA method and a method which is a combination of the quantitative (survey and survey journey, with 1420 person) and qualitative (280 in-depth interview with persons and groups) methods. Results are showing that during construction; heavy traffic, economical damage, social problems, environmental pollution (dust, noise) and respiratory and mental problems have occurred extensively that caused problems for habitants of the areas, drivers and shop keepers of the area. When the tunnel has become available for use, it has had positive effects for people who live in northern and southern parts of the city but others who have had no access to the tunnel have not benefited from it. Researchers suggest that by constructing this tunnel, Tehran’s municipality increased social injustice instead of social justice. To compensate this social injustice there are some suggestions like developing green spaces, cutting off municipality tax, developing ways to access the tunnel, changing the ventilation system of the tunnel.

disater mange ment that be considered Set of theoretical concepts and practical measures for crisis management in planning for disaster when ¬ Dimensions program, before and after the accident. In this paper, "Reconstruction after natural crises" is considered With the rise in crime rates in areas of reconstruction, giving the possibility to reduce crime may be provided through the physical environment that One cycle of crisis management and reconstruction of the accident are included. Results and research findings show that should be applied Such as enhancing natural areas in urban design, access control, natural surveillance, support and maintenance of social activities be considered. Paper presented at the tactics of street design and city streets to reduce crime rate rise is noted.