پژوهش نامه تاریخ
پیاپی 12 (پاییز 1387)

The roote of Omaid, and Hashimids guarrels should be searched in centuries befor islam in Arabia peninsula. Although those two tribes were descended from Adnan son of Ismail Ibn Ibrahim and called Arebeh and also were called Adnani but their guarrels dated to the lifetime of Qasi ibn kalab. Though in next generation specially duriy the time of Hashim and Abd shams their guarreis, steped into a new stage and became higher, for that, their Descended in various history call stages contacted together. As Abdshams with Hashim, Umayya with Abdu motalab. Abu sofian with Mohammad the messanger, Moavie with Imam Ali and Imam Hasan, yazid with Imam Husayn.

Recognizing expediency in issues and applying them as a natural behavior in the rational choice model is considered essential and inevitable in human life. Besides spiritual and religious development, the Holy prophet aimed at managing every day life and current issues correctly. Therefore, ample evidence support his being expedient, recognizing the essentials and realistic. According to Ghazali, this keeps religion, lives, rationality race and wealth safe, which is every ones responsibility not to waste any of them or part of each. Evidence of the Holy Prophets expediency can be seen both in war and peace, both in Mecca and Medine, and also in souch issues such as Yomodar invitation, immigration to Habashe, Tayef journey, immigration to Medine, Hodaybie peace treaty, encouraging Muslims, etc can be clearly seen. These issues and related considerations are the main focus of the present study as seen essential, enough discussion has been provided.

Shaykh Zahid Gilani is Shaykh Safi al-Din’s spiritual guide. No Shaykh Zahid’s ancestors and nor Shaykh Safi al-Din’s ancestors were Gilani, but both of them Ancestors’ origin was Sanjan and descent of this spiritual guide and his disciple is Kurdish. Shaykh Zahid lived among the Thalishs. Since Talish have been carried a part of Gilan always, so he known as Gilani and apparently this suffix annexed to his name later. I was wander more than twenty years about this object, until after studies in libraries and arena, I concluded that Shaykh Zahid and Shaykh Safi al- Din had the same decent origin and Shaykh Zahid’s mausoleum is in Shaykhah Karan Republic of Azarbayjan.

the Mongols kingdom and the formation of ILkanids in Iran is one of the most important period in the history of that country. For the many parts of Iran Mongols invade caused ill fortune for cities and ruined all civil places sometime after Mongols invasion, ill political organization of Mongol government consegenced with rebels. Mongol’s lack of attention to political, economical and social -– cultural issues in Iran society increased the collapse in civil life in cities. one of the issues was taxation which radically changed with Mongol invasion. Mongol’s taxation was due to thir kachrui cultures that all people had to pay tax. And in conquered area they knew themselves as an owner of peoples earnings and they asked them taxes in any way. Also high taxes, cruel way of taxation, issuance of brevet, contracting of provinces, fastened the cities collapse. This article disscuses the Mongol taxation and its effect on collapse of cities in Iran.

Imam-ol-harmain Joeini, Abdolmalk- ebn-Abu Mohammad- ebn- Abdollah Yosef Who was dead in 478 A. H (according to a lunar calendar) was one of the great Shafieh Imams of Khorasan and the first teacher of Nishabor Nezamieh. Many of the famous scholars, erudites and jurists of the fifth and sixth centuries including Imam Mohammad Ghazali and Kiaharasi and Abol Mozafar Khvafi were proud of being his disciples. His scientific and spiritual reputation passed from Khorasan territory and was known by all in Iraq, Sham and Hejaz, and almost 400 students and jurists attended his classes all the time. Nishabor Nezamieh school was established by Khaje Nezam- ol – Molk for him and right of its custodianship, teaching, giving lecture and give lecture in this school from 456 A. H until his death in 478 A. H for 22 years. Imam-olharmain wrote many books and compositions. And Khakn said he had composition in evry science all of which were used as textbook by students in Nishabor Nezamieh. Among his main works was Nahaiat-ol- Matlab fi Drayat-ol- Mazhab. Imam-ol-harmain was one whose virtues were acknowledged by the great whether Arab or non-Arab. Besides Imam-ol-harmain title that was given to him because of residing near Holy Shrines (Mecca and Madina) and teaching and issuing decrees there, he was given another titles such as Shikh-ol-Islam, Imam-ol- Aemeh, Habr – ol- Sharieh.

Majma' al-Tavarikh, written in India in 1207 H/1792-93 AD, contains the history of the fall of safavids and a few decades after that event. Its last information entries are about the history of Iran in the early 13th century H/late 18th century AD, but it is mainly about the history of Marashi sayyids family and Iran in the years coincided with the fall of the safavids up to the beginning of the eighth decade of 12th century. Mirza Muhammad Khalil, the writer of Majma' al-Tavarikh, is a member of Marashi family, who emigrated from Iran to India. Therefore it should be viewed as a book written by an emigrant. In the present article Majma' al-Tavarikh has been approached from this viewpoint. This outlook provides us with two contexts, Indian and Iranian, of the book for explaining the various characteristics of it. In the previous researches, there has not been paid sufficient attention to the two-sided context of the book. As a result, some characteristics of the book such as its dual prose style and the writer of one of its important sources have not been identified. This article also tries to present a relatively complete image of the historiography of Majma' al-Tavarikh.

As the advent of sammanids, caused lots of beneficence in Iran's and Islam's culture and civilization, the decline of this dynasty caused previous negative impact in Iran history indeed. among all decline causes the role of political issue. Were the most important weakness of council of state(divan) youth of timurind Amirs, advent of domestic rebellions contact with forign governments disorderly in provinces, the circulation of flattery in court the superiority of Turkish military the lack of political unity and contact with caliph rebel of Amir's decreas, of public fair, collapse of society abandonment of fagheehsjuris consul)t and stagnation of science simutanous with decline of (ghaznavids and al afrasiab) attack are issues discussing in this article.

Ghazan Khan was the elder son of Arghun Khan, who was born in the Friday morning of 29th Rabi. All Akhar 670A.H.,in a village called "Abskun" in "Sultan Dawin) in Mazandaran. After the death of Arghun and murdering of Gikhatu and Baydu, in the year of 694A.H.,he throned Himself as Ilkhan in Tabriz with the effords of Amir Nuruz,the Muslem Amir of Arghun. Coming to power of Ghazan was coincided with his acceptance of Islam (Hanafi sect) and getting power of hanafi Olama in Tabriz and elsewhere. At this time the situation in Tabriz became intolerable for non-muslems and other sects. Especiually the idol-temples, destruction of synagogues and Nasrani churches as well as Jewish synagogue were emanated. The centers Of idols, belfry and cross were destructed in all over of Azarbayjan. Tabriz especially became empty of the presence of non-muslems. This paper considers and shows Ghazan,s efforts in widespreding Islam and its Sharia and the consequences of his submitting to Islam,his negligences and encountering intelligently with other religions as far as the main sources allow us.