پژوهش نامه تاریخ
پیاپی 5 (زمستان 1385)

One of the issues in education is the starting point of first schools in Islamic world. Besides their function as a place for praying, mosques also were considered the most important educational centers till the early fourth century(AH). Various kinds of educational centers in the Islamic world and religious and ethnic bias have led to different theories on the origin of first Islamic schools. Based on available evidence Khorasan has been the origin of first Islamic schools, as Neishabor School, which turned to be an example to be copied by others, was established before the establishment of Baghdad School. This was the result of favorite scientific, social and political milieu in Khorasan and especially in Neishabor. The role of original Iranian families and Khorasan scientists cannot be denied.

Rashid o Din Fazlolah Hamadany, the great historian of Il Khani era, was a minister of Khazan and Aljayto for twenty minutes. Besides cultural reforms, he was credited with writing 52 books. Among his works, Jameo Tavarikh (The Encyclopedia of History) is of great value. Mongols who were interested in history created conditions for the growth of history writing. This gave scholars like Rashid o Din an opportunity to use all resources available to create great works such as Jameo Tavarikh. He used all documents about Il Khani from many nations to write Jameo Tavarikh as a universal book to fit Mongols empire. His book is actually is a collection of general, mythical history, local history, nations, geographical history and social, economic, epical, religious, ….developments. It can be regarded as a turning point in history writing and specifically in Mongols era.

The movement of social, political, and economic reconstruction that started in Iran by Constitutional Revolution and later experienced up and down and finally stagnation, gained a new momentum and revitalized in Pahlavi I. The judiciary system was no exception. One of the characteristics of modern Pahalavi’s was the reconstruction of old bureaucratic system, the centralization of administrative and executive offices, and the creation of rule of law in the country. The justice department was part of this. Another aspect of these changes was to marginalize religious leaders’ judiciary control. Ali Akbar Davar, the founder of modern judiciary department, was assigned to do carry out the task. He brought about some changes in judiciary systems, especially in writing and formulating laws. The present study investigates the judiciary system in Pahlavi era, especially the Pahlavi I, qualitatively and quantitatively.

Children education has existed first at home in the form of modeling and inculcation since ancient times. Since education has cultural value, it prepares children to live in society. For sure the social and economic circumstances play a role in the quality and the realization of education. In the course of historical changes the educational tasks turned into institutional ones, and are assigned to education institution. In post-Islam Iran, the institution, which had its roots in the culture of ancient Iran and religious teachings, undergone rapid changes and appeared as a remarkable feature throughout the country. After Mongols’ attacks and Teimoor’s military moves, tribal governments spread throughout the country and in some parts governmental institution was established independently. However, Iranian culture and associated institutions like education more or less maintained its unity and homogeneity. After the collapse of tribal governments, the termination of Ghara Ghoylo Torkman government, and weakening of local governments, the Safavids took power. Gradually, Iran regained its social and political solidarity, and enjoyed “national” independence. However, the unity created was through force. It employed cultural institutions based on a special Ghezelbash Shiite. Culture(art, thought, and education) lost its dynamism, and developments were noticeable in some aspects of culturalmaterialistic(architecture and decorative arts).

Besides enjoying the economical political supports of Zoroastrian minority of Iran, there were other hidden facts about this minority which gave them more importance in the Mashroute movement. These facts not only at the beginning of the formation of the aforesaid movement, but also in the later development, where telling and pointing to the confusions of the political government and the chaotic conditions of the social and Economical affairs of the country shedding even dim light on these facts is the main focus of attention of this article, because of these, while explaining and historical events of this period even we put emphasis on the outcomes of these policies on this small minority.

It has long been known to human being that mountains play an important role in producing water and rain، and that water sources can be found there. Water has been closely associated with the formation of civilizations. For this reason، the starting point for civilizations can be traced in mountains. Moreover، inhabited caves and stony shelters found are all in mountains. It should be kept that the raw material for prehistoric man، i. e. stone، was found in mountains. Mountain in mythology is the place of gods. In Greece the highest mountain was Olympus where Zeus was worshipped. It can be said that the settlement and reproduction of gods in mountains showed the importance of mountains. In Sumer and the south of Mesopotamia، however، there is not a high mountain; therefore، they build their temples mountain-like. Among these was the Tower of Babel built like a mountain. In fact، multi-story temples and pyramids symbolized mountain. This can be supported by the fact that no picture on pottery، seals and mountain cliffs were used for entertainment، as no symbol of writing systems was used without a purpose

As Shiites we must know our Imams. By understanding their deeds under different conditions, we can modify our behavior to match theirs. By following their example we can be sure of the righteousness of our deeds and can promulgate their way of life in our social lives. Among our Imams, Because of special period of time, Imam Ali and Imam Hossein (peace be upon them) are distinguished. Their followers have usually has little difficulty to understand their way of lives, or at least ambiguous points existing in connection to events related to them are rare. However, due to difficult social and political conditions, Imam Hasan was not able to implement his orders and had to quit the government. As a result, aspects of his personality have been remained uncovered, making it necessary to do a research. The present study investigates the following: the reason why Imam Hasan made peace with Moavie whose insincerity was clear for Shiites, did not Imam Hasan have the ability to fight Moavie?, Why did not he like his brother Imam Hossein who fought Yazid and was martyred fight Moavie?

During the rein of Moaz o Dolla in Iraq which lasted from 334 to 356, for sure one of his worries concerning foreign policy was suppressing the Hamdany’s government. The reason was that The Hamdanys always were a threat for his government as a separatist and dangerous power. As a result, their relations were usually accompanied by hostility and enmity. Moaz o Dolla’s military moves to the Hamdanys’ territory centered in Musel in 334, 337, 347, 353 AH can be a proof for this. All this was despite their claims to be Shiite, following the same value systems. Studying the relations of the two, the researcher will find that political ambitions are favored over religion and religion as a constructive element could not creat strong ties. Since one of important section of the relations between Al Buye and Hamdanys was during the rein of Moaz o Dolla, the present study investigates the main causes and consequences of their relations.