نشریه راهبرد توسعه
سال هشتم شماره 3 (پیاپی 31، پاییز 1391)

Theory of human resources assumes that the individuals’ personal income is a function of their education and experience. So, inequality in income distribution can be traced in educational inequality. Schooling is a dynamic process enabling labor’s skill, capability, and return. Thus, it increases the individual and society income.The current study, based on theory of human resources considering income variations as a function of education and experience level, assumes that the income level is determined by two variables of education and experience. Justifying variations in individual’s personal income with respect to above theory, this research used two logarithmic and semi-logarithmic models to analyze data gathered from four types of educational systems with a sample size of 3000. Cross sectional data estimated by Eviews 5 software package applying OLS method. The following hypotheses tested and approved along with investigating their consistency with theory of human resources:1. Return of education in Iran is more than China2. Return of experience in Iran is more than China3. Men’ income in Iran and China is more than women’ income in the same conditions of education and experience.

Sustainable development is a concept that has been originated and extended in conventional literature and sometimes it is necessary to know does Islam have any point of view about it or not. It seems more important for the experts that want to study or research on Islamic issues such as Islamic development or justice because in mainstream paradigm sustainable development discusses the right of future generations I utilizing natural resources and Environment and undoubtedly whenever it is discussed about the right Islam has some specific opinions that must be considered. Moreover, if resource and environmental economists want to discuss in Islamic paradigm they must know the Islamic point of view on it. Therefore, the paper tries to show where sustainability of development has been placed in Islamic thought and explain the Islam’s opinions on it. Finally, it has been concluded that despite of conventional literature the justice is not only necessary condition of sustainability but also it is the sustainability itself.

It is almost a decade that the theory of "good governance" has been incorporated in the literature of development of different countries throughout the word. Based on this theory, democracy, public participation, information transparency, respect for the rules, accountability and fighting with economic corruption are the fundamentals of economic development. By studying governance literature in the Islamic texts, the researcher realized that Islamic thinkers and scholars have provided concepts of (good governance) that are much deeper and broader than the above principles, relying on teachings of divine revelation, as well as tradition and conduct of the Holy prophets and saint Imams. Particularly, after Islamic Revolution in Iran and adoption of Islamic Republic of Iran Constitution, a new type of governance has been founded on spiritual ideology based on which the rules are adopted through taking advantage of wisdom, observation, experience, group judgment, based on revelation, tradition, and manner of the Saints. For achieving an "Islamic – oriented good governance model, " chapters of the Constitution of I.R. of Iran were studied as a research ground. To access research findings and its analysis, the " data – base with the strategy of case – study was chosen as research method. This study shows that that the Constitution has the capacity of modeling. The model of " Islamic – oriented good governance " consists of input, process, output, and feedback. This model explains theoretical including Islam " Monotheism, Prophecy, Resurrection, Justice and Imamate " and Republicanism as basic principles, and Islamic rule of law, accountability towards one another and God, securing legitimate freedoms, fighting against all manifestations of corruption, supremacy denial, information transparency, and divine supervision are taken into consideration as principles, all of which make the foundation and inputs of an Islamic – oriented good governance. Dimensions and functions of the process of " Islamic – oriented good governance " in political, social, cultural and economic arenas: religious democracy, social capital, cultural engineering, and justice – based economic development. The " human exaltation " is considered as the goal and output in an " Islamic – oriented good governance "

Knowledge-based economy is Economy of the third millennium. Knowledge-based economy is an economy that creates, acquire, adapt, and to be applied knowledge for social and economic development effectively. In this type of economy, knowledge is the most important resource and learning is the most important process. The knowledge-based economy is that the production, distribution and use of knowledge in it are the basic and most important roles to produce wealth. Our country has entered in the field of research in a knowledge-based economy life. But it needs planning in this context due to the country's strengths and weaknesses. In this paper we pay to knowledge based economy and its position in the country and the strengths and weaknesses of this economy to achieve.

The experience of development in the East Asia indicated that the key element in the progress of these countries have been the creation of an appropriate mixture of condition and internal factors based on the necessities and the principle which govern the international system. By following the model of Japan as the developed country, these countries provided their own Fields and local contexts for national progress. To put in short, they joined the progress to Legitimacy of their system and hold it as a condition for the maintenance of their system. The main factor in the progress of these countries lies in enduring and systematic effort that their politicians have been planned for passing the road of progress. These countries not only played a key role in capital accumulation and investment but also played a significant role in bringing under control the market financing, tax policies, pricing, and supplying some law for the relation of domestic industries and the international Economy. In fact, by highlighting its own progressive role, the government took the responsibility of bazaar mechanism besides supporting the finance part. There were other factors in the analytical level in the progress of East Asia. This paper is going to explain the experience of East Asian countries by applying the NIE and the four- level analysis of Oliver Williamson.

Glimpsing the current situation of world shows that world countries can divide in two categories: developed and developing countries. There is important note, that the technology gap in developing countries than developed countries causes the competitiveness gap between them. Therefore, the technology gap is to be descended the share of Islamic countries, including Islamic countries of D8, in global exports. So, in present study, will be discussed the role of innovation, competitiveness, research and development activities and labor productivity on D8's exports during the period 1980-2009. The results indicate that the studied countries are as worse status as developed countries in export, innovation and competitiveness. So, for these countries it is essential to pay more attention to fundamental variables which are playing the highlighted role in exports nowadays. Therefore, we suggest that the decision makers in these countries stress on export performance by macroeconomic policies via focusing on components of the knowledge base economy and technology transfer factors.

Emerging shortcomings of bureaucratic approaches in regulating proper development process causes it necessary to take some look at other approaches to be enable to satisfy rural people's needs at local level. These approaches are usually named participatory or people-centered orientations approaches. Increasing adaptability of programs to the needs of rural people is the main aim of using such approaches. Other reasons are: empowering rural people and increasing the efficiency of production systems. Therefore, it is necessary to transform and change the goal and the process of development to adapt with participatory approaches in order to improve the effectiveness of rural extension and development activities. Present article aims to deliver practical guidelines to explain how rural extension and development capabilities can improve with elements of participatory development approach.

Shiite jurisprudence and Zmanshnasy is flexible enough to be updated and thus extended ¬ Franzamy of San Jihad: Jihad scientific, cultural jihad, Jihad and. .. And economic jihad today entered into this discourse. Among the aspects of the economy are a more general feature of improvement in many aspects of a country compared to other countries, and indicators of the economy has particular prominence. Iran's economy to the global economy can not be indifferent to business ethics and traders and firms to participate in global markets inevitably ponder this matter. No doubt Development of Economy, associated with knowledge, wisdom and insight to businesses. If someone with no knowledge of the rules and regulations pertaining to the business of doing business, according to religious and scholarly activities of his can not be necessary efficiency and effectiveness. Economic growth and a healthy economy that is due before the start of trading, losing the economic issues and laws pertaining to insider trading, has become familiar Must observe the proper and legitimate business practices. What has been discussed in this paper reviews legal education and learning the trade as an important aspect of economic jihad. Jurisprudents famous sentence Asthbab learning business have been.

One of the principles discussed modifying consumption patterns due to the fact that Islam has no problem with prosperity and good life. One of the objectives of the Islamic economic system as well as the general welfare of the community. The main pillars of the religious teachings of Islam can be summarized as follows consumption patterns in Islam: enjoy divine blessings; temperance and moderation and avoiding extravagance and tabzir. Islamic economics literature, in addition to those mentioned, such as the topic of "maximizing perfection", "maximize redemption of the world and the Hereafter," your needs and others in the framework of Islamic principles" and also mentioned. Current productivity performance of all production factors of labor to capital is a material comprised of small. This means that unsustainable consumption patterns and resource utilization in the country is governed. Findings indicate the need to improve efficiency and productivity with a view to achieving sustainable consumption patterns and the attention of the government and the private sector in this field should be increased in the case of welfare and social justice. This pattern is confirmed by the religion of Islam.

This research tend to explain that the relationship between cultural changes and internet is the main symbol of the new communicative tools used by Tehran’s universities student at 2010 – 2011 educational year. In this paper, after the definition of culture, media and the explanation of new media, will talk about theories related to media’s effect and function. From theories, the cultivation and use and gratification theory has chosen as theory method in this research. Then, for gathering information, a 550 sample from Tehran’s universities students has been selected and the sample was combining method. The first step was cluster sampling from Tehran’s universities and choosing 9 colleges and the second step was, choosing students with accidental sampling and with survey method and with questionnaire based on measuring elements approved by High Council for Cultural Revolution, cultural changes was measured in three dimension: belief, ethical and behavioral. The research variable analysis and examine outcome showed us that there surely is the meaningful relationship among personal factors like sex marital status and also internet usage elements such as amount of use, type of use, aim and purpose of internet using, amount of user’s activity at internet using, the scope of user’s trust on internet and finally the cultural changes which evolved at internet users. Also, Regressive analysis showed that sex variable has the opposite relationship with cultural changes and the relationship the trust variable with cultural changes is direct one.