نشریه پژوهش های روابط بین الملل
سال دوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 4، تابستان 1391)

The economic crises usually work as the catalyst and accelerator. The trend of development of fascism, wars, integrations and disintegrations gain momentum in the light of economic crises. Today, Europe is involved in a huge financial and economic crisis which is accelerating the process of disintegration that has already existed. The gap between poor and rich, great and small, lender and borrower, East and West of Europe and Europeanists and Pro-Americans or Russians has already existed and what this crisis did was speeding and intensifying them. At present, The European institutions are accused of ineffectiveness and the future of Euro is unclear and Europe has no way but to overlook its long-term goals and forget about the advice of Dogol based on maintenance of centrality of the governments and avoidance of inclination towards a United States of Europe.

Since its establishment in 1928, the Muslim Brotherhood, or al-Ikhwan al-Muslimin, has experienced ebb and flow, and faced many challenges. The formation of the movement is reflected in the mainstream of social, political and economic structure of the Egyptian society at that time. The Ikhwan has been influenced by its critical environment including colonial influence in the Islamic countries, unsatisfied financial situation and many forms of discrimination. Meanwhile, the recent victories of Islamists in parliamentary and presidential elections are the symbols of their advances in the Egypt’s social and political arenas. The Muslim Brotherhood, regarded as the oldest and one of the most important Islamic movements in the Muslim world which has experienced different changes in the typology of their philosophy from radicalism to reformism and conservatism. This paper tries to explain different aspects of these variations and the reasons behind them.

This article attempts to answer the question of whether the Chinese military rise pose a serious security threat to the United States, and if so, how will the United States react to the security dilemma? The main assumption of this article is based on the principle that a country’s power enhancement and growth lead to demand for greater roles on the international scene. Therefore, China’s military modernization and development would lead the country demand for a greater role in the global equations, especially in East Asia. This development is perceived as a security threat for the United States, which considers itself as the sole hegemonic power with a lot of security interests in the region. Thus, the new development has made US to seek two strategies of containment and partnership in order to respond China and creating a balance of power against the Chinese influence in the region.

NGOs have become unavoidable participants in the emergence and monitoring the international norms. However, the best results are obtained when their actions performed within a cooperative processes with other types of actor. The Legal activities of NGOs contribute to “strengthening the networks of norms in international arena”. In addition to promoting principles and arguing for their integration into legally binding international instruments, they participate in the establishment of a new ethos for international norms. These norms imply the continuity of common values and universal principles that lead to the definition of a modern and strong international law for people worldwide. The scope of international law is changing from traditional and prevalent foundations to ethical and common principles of the global community. One of the risks, however, is that NGOs and other actors may identify themselves as the spokesman of humanity and thus monopolize the debate and serve their own interests to the detriment of the rest of humanity. The purpose of this article is to express that how the non-state actors such as non-governmental organizations, which have traditionally been excluded from the lawmaking process, increasingly take part in various stages.

Governance is a new mid-range social phenomenon which has focused on the idea of power decentralization (in the traditional sense of Westphalia era). Since governance requires a central role in the public policy, it would undoubtedly leave a major impact on the public sector. Accordingly, this paper seeks to answer the question as to what is the impact of governance on the mechanism and future consequences of public policy?In this regard, the examination of the concepts and assumptions of governance indicates that the future of public policy by the public sector with the entrance of governance and social capital will undergo democratic developments. These developments will pave the way for the active participation and contribution of the non-state groups and citizens (networks) in the process of policy-making. Therefore, after the entrance of governance in the apparatus of running society and the process of policy-making, the citizens with more social capital and development of the non-state networks get more involved both in indentifying the problems, agenda setting as well as finding alternatives, implementation and assessment. Experiences also demonstrate that greater participation in the affairs enhances the quality of public services, public policies as well as the effectiveness of the outcomes.

The issues and discussions related to strategic negotiations are very simple, yet they are quite difficult to understand. They seem simple as many of these negotiations like US-Russian negotiations on nuclear disarmament, peace talks between India and Pakistan, US-China trade negotiations, nuclear negotiations between Iran and 5+1, etc., are brought up in daily news. They are also difficult since there is hardly any research works done on the nature as well as the methods of such negotiation, especially in Persian, so far. However, there are resources on diplomatic and trade negotiations which are clearly different from the strategic negotiation that is relying on power. Strategic Negotiations imply the negotiations on the important international, regional and national issues and contexts in the medium to long-term process which requires certain negotiating skills and tactics. In these negotiations strategies are the instruments to direct you reach to the predetermined goals, and tactics are also the tools to help you achieve your strategies. Strategic leaders must know how to run the negotiations beyond different perspectives. Although, this may seem a tough process, yet in reality we are involved with it. This kind of negotiating is known as strategic negotiation. The present study briefly describes the aspects, types and principles of the negotiations. It eventually examines the relationship between the strategic negotiations and power. It finally concludes by giving an example of strategic negotiation as a case study.