دوفصلنامه اسلام و علوم اجتماعی
پیاپی 5 (بهار و تابستان 1390)

Given the important role that foundations of anthropology play in identification of social science paradigm and discriminating it from competing paradigms, this paper has a descriptive-interpretive approach to the Islamic texts – the Holy Quran and Hadith – and tries to introduce some of the anthropological foundations of Islamic social science paradigm using a literature survey method. These foundations are as follows: features of activities, rationality, decision, choice, mutual interaction with surrounding variables, association with paranormal variables and eventually a common nature, human nature and evolution. At the beginning, they are linked through fewer intermediaries to an Islamic explanation of human behavior.

The present paper makes a preliminary survey of process of sociability in exegeses of the Quran. The questions are: What is sociability? How does it happen? What is the role of will? The survey is done through a qualitative content analysis of the interpretations of the Quran, coding and classification of the concepts. Results show that the process of sociability is a requirement of human nature by which man has internalized values and beliefs through his knowledge and action. The essence of the person has been gradually created. He is the very values, beliefs and norms, in a way that they are nor separable from each other. In this view, beings are constantly trying "to get", "to become". His knowledge and actions are constantly shaping his personality and nature. The result indicates that the more a man acts in accordance with the teachings of the Holy Quran, the more successful he is in religious sociability.

Fertility as a population event and phenomenon in which women play a major role is under the influence of various factors. Some factors are dealt with directly and some indirectly and as a ground factors. Affective factors and their quality are discussed in a variety of theories. In this study, some factors have been tested in the fertility of women married at least once. City of Qom has been the center of attention mainly due to the specific circumstances and its religious context. 601 people have been selected from four districts of Qom using a stratified random sample method. Data gathered using the survey method based on quantitative data analysis using SPSS statistical software.Results indicated significant differences for female employment status, household income level, education level and place of birth. These differences are not significant in terms of ideas of gender preference and residing in different regions. There is high correlation between the number of live births, age at first marriage, age of respondents at the time of interview, duration of marriage and child mortality. In general, these results are mostly in line with the findings of other researches in this field and also confirm their results.

During the past few decades, social sciences and humanities has been involved in numerous methodological and theoretical debates that is described as the paradigms war between positivists, interpretativists and critics. In the 1970s or theoretical turn period, first constructivist interpretive and critical approaches emerged then hybrid approaches entered into this field. Critical realism is a modern approach that tries to combine paradigms and make a new definition of reality, knowledge, values, and research. This paper intends to overview the three dominant paradigms in social sciences and humanities in order to analyse methodological and theoretical innovations of critical realism.

Influencing factors in the formation of goals in the field of international relations are of great diversity. What is important is that which one of the elements should have priority in the decision-making process? Those who believe in giving priority to moral values in international politics have shifted attention to the non-compensatory model. In the context of this model a standard component should be established as a foundation for all policies and life for all purposes. According to this model regardless of all the variables giving priority to a particular criterion is of normative validity and importance. Although there are many who give priority to shaping policies in respect to values and beliefs of decision makers, but they believe that the terms of issue, the patterns of distribution of power in the international arena, and abilities and possibilities will eventually shape the policies. If necessary, he should give priority to issues of moral values and if it is obligatory, priority will also be given to the issue of moral values. It should be noted that the approach is subject to moral values or complete comprehension of them. Necessity to achieve goals as a vital condition of success will always require an ethical justification in relation to the objectives.

Modernity or modernism is the set of qualities and characteristics of modern civilization which has emerged in recent centuries in Europe and North America. Secularization (or secularisation) is being used to describe and analyze the processes of modern societies. It is the transformation of a society from close identification with religious values and institutions toward nonreligious (or irreligious) values and secular institutions. Feminism has, in a sense, been derived from Western civilization and in another sense it is a reaction to modernity. In this respect, feminism is in direct confrontation with the tradition. While analyzing tradition, feminism severely criticizes religion as one of the most important components of gender discrimination. So, it should be noted that there is a considerable relation between secularization of religion and social movement of feminism. With aim of downplaying the meta-institutional role of religion and making religion compatible with the demands of feminism, secularization of religion, in one of its approaches which seeks to provide a new and worldly interpretation of religion, has been well received by feminists in general and religious feminists in particular. In this regard, we try to take this relationship into consideration and focus on some examples related to these indices at the same time as counting the indices of secularization of religion and feminism.

In this paper, aiming at recognizing Muslim civilization, both culturally and socially, the author tries to consider the principle of "commanding right and forbidding wrong" -which is construed as one of the most important examples and methods of social control, that is, "hasbih" or "ihtisab"- as an indicator to assess the strength and cohesion of society's value system, since the rise of Islam to the present. Based on the status and quality of this social phenomenon, the Islamic civilization is divided into three periods, "individual", "group" and "state". Reasons for degradation or failure and weakness of each case will be carefully assessed. Finally, the author concludes that social supervision in civilizations attributed to Islam is quantitatively growing but after the demise of the Prophet (peace and blessings be upon him and his household) and removing Shiite Imams in the Abbasid era and thereafter, its quality has decreased drastically and come into being hypocritical. In many cases, it has been completely dissolved and destroyed.