فصلنامه آموزش و اخلاق در پرستاری
سال یکم شماره 1 (زمستان 1391)

Mothers who have premature infants experience higher levels of anxiety and tension. This affects the relation of mother to the infant and bears on negative developmental consequences for future. Besides its physical and psychological impacts, anxiety and tension impedes the prompt and suitable relationship between the mother and baby and also defers mother’s attendance to the care of infant. This will have negative consequences for infant’s developmental processes. This is a clinical trial implemented on 90 mothers with a premature infant divided into intervention and control groups. The program for creating parental rehabilitative opportunities is a step by step program through which mothers are given necessary information regarding premature infant and the infants care unit by tapes, illustrated books and also workbooks. The level of mothers’ tension and anxiety was measures three times with intervals of 2-4 days. The amount of anxiety and tension in the two groups did not show a significant difference, but the mothers’ anxiety and tension in intervention group reduced in each step (P<0.001). The level of mothers’ participation was also higher in the intervention group (P<0.001). The program for creating parental rehabilitative opportunities reduces the amount of mothers’ tension and anxiety and increases their level of participation

Nursing education planners believe the most important part of nursing education is clinical education. This study aimed to determine the importance of obstacles in obtaining clinical training goals from the prospective of nursing educators, nursing students and nursing managers of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences. This cross-sectional study was performed by a self-report questionnaire. Sampling was performed by census and the samples consisted of all nursing students who had passed at least one course of clinical education (n: 101), all nursing educators (n: 9) and all nursing managers who had management experience for at least for 6 months (n=31). Data analysis was performed by SPSS 12.0 and statistical methods. The most important obstacle to obtain educational goals was the presence of many students in wards (52.5%) according to the students’ views. In educators’ view the most important obstacles were students’ disinterest in nursing, nursing managers’ lack of positive attitude toward education, and the lack of course plan in clinical education (66.7%). Finally, educators’ disinterest in nursing profession was rated as the most important obstacle by the nursing managers. Attending to factors such as the large body of students, educators’ and students’ disinterest toward nursing profession, and the lack of course plan in clinical education, and nursing managers’ lack of positive attitude toward education which are regarded as the most serious obstacles in reaching the educational goals of practitioners’ clinical education can contribute to the quality of future clinical education.

Nurses comprise 50% to 60% of specialists working in hospitals and are responsible for the main parts of the patient care. The importance of leadership in health organizations especially in the field of nursing is therefore obvious. This study aimed to evaluate any possible relation of leadership style among head nurses to job satisfaction among nurses working in medical and surgical wards. This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 64 nurses working in medical and surgical wards of hospitals affiliated to Tonekabon Islamic Azad University. Sampling was performed by census. Data were gathered using a questionnaire consisting of three parts: 1) personal details, 2) description of leadership behavior of head nurses (University of Ohio, 1957), 3) measurement of nurses’ job satisfaction (job satisfaction Index by Mohrman-cooke-Mohrman, 1987). Most samples who showed a high job satisfaction (80.5%) were those whose head nurses manipulated an acceptable convincing leadership style.; on the other hand, those who showed a low job satisfaction (66.7%) were mostly nurses whose head nurses consigned their responsibilities. The organization in which the managers pay attention to establishing good relations with the staff as well as the duties they have to do, and try to make the staff contributing to decision making, job satisfaction increases to a high level which will result in the elevation of the level of organizational commitment, quality of services and satisfaction among patients.

Nurses are disposed to emotional conflicts as they frequently face large numbers of patients and witness their subsequent deaths. Moral distress appears when the person knows what they ought to do but a set of factors and obstructions convince them that doing the proper action is not possible. Moral distress is thus related to professional reluctance, lack of job satisfaction, reduction of interaction with patients and their families, and ultimately professional exhaustion. This study aimed to determine the history of the concept of ‘moral distress’ and the factors affecting it in nurses’ society by reviewing other studies. Researchers used Medline, Proquest, Ovid, SID and IranMedex databases in addition to library research. Articles published in 1996 to 2010 were studied. ‘Moral distress’ was used as a keyword to find relevant articles. 23 articles related to moral distress were eventually included in the present study. Various studies revealed that the factors affecting moral distress include: ‘direct contact with patient’, ‘inadequate resources’ ‘provision of vain medical care’, ‘lack of respect toward the patients’ independence’, ‘relationships among physicians and nurses’ and ‘inability to prevent death’ which all can affect the nurses’ clinical performance and the quality of healthcare. Regarding the effects of moral distress on nurses, nurse managers should focus on resources to confront moral distress. Employing nurses in ethics committees can be used as another solution for this problem.

Breastfeeding has many psychological, immunological and economic benefits for the mother and her infant. As mother’s milk plays a great role in the enhancement of health and the elevation of children’s growth, this paper studies the necessity of breastfeeding in reviving the rights of infants born by the new fertilization techniques.SID, Google Scholar and International Library of America were used to access research findings in relevant fields for this review study. The mentioned keywords were searched in an unlimited time span and results were compared to each other.Multiple deliveries, premature and underweight births were the major problems in infants born by new fertilization techniques. The percentage of prematurity and underweight were 4-5 times higher than general population. Findings reveal that acute respiratory infection in infants who were exclusively breastfed was 62% less compared to those who were not exclusively breastfed. There are various ways for getting milk like getting milk from mother milk bank, employing nurses, induced lactation, and eventually using powder milk.Lactation underlies the cornerstones of one’s personality; breastfeeding can thus lead to the elevation of IQ, facilitation of education, decrease in incidence of physical problems and behavioral disorders, encumbering adolescent’s misdemeanors and adult addiction. Based on a review of related articles it seems that employment of nurses are preferable to other alternatives.

Today, advanced technology in medical treatment involves in the evolution of complex social and which gives medical ethics a special status and makes it indispensable for medical training. Medical ethics based on religious teachings has been recently brought to the fore. In this regard medical ethics, as an applied system, has always sought new solutions for ethical problems. The method for this research was qualitative, using an applied interpretive approach while focusing on the significance and stages of development in education of medical ethics. The first aim of medical ethics is to elevate the practitioners’ ability to give health care to patients and support their families. However it is not just a development of personality, but the recognition of ethics, using the appropriate relevant knowledge, analysis of the problem and making decisions about the process should also be considered. Thus, students’ active participation in the learning process is very important. Medical ethics education based on theoretical training (traditional approach) cannot meet the health system’s needs for responsible and professional physicians. Therefore changing the current methods of training and using new methods based on society can benefit both the health profession and patients. After a reviewing the current status of medical ethics education in our country, this paper suggests solutions for reforming the educational structure.