مجله تحقیقات دامپزشکی
سال شصت و هشتم شماره 1 (زمستان 1391)

Raeini goat is one of the goat races which is found in Kerman province and many neighboring provinces. This goat produces soft wool with good quality and holds and even higher ranking than other goat breeds based on production of milk and meat, whereas there is no basic radiologic information about this race. Determination of basic information about the radiographic of anterior and posterior limbs in Raeini goat. To study close time of growth plate in anterior limbs, 12 head of raeini soft wool goats (6 male, 6 female) and the same number for posterior limbs were selected from the goats that were present in the animal husbandries college in Kerman University and had grown under equal nourishment. They were selected from 10 days after their birth until the growth plates of anterior, posterior and back bones were closed. Most of the growth plates in the forelimbs (anterior) in females in the 13th month and in males in the 16th month were closed; closure time of growth plates for hind limbs (posterior) in females was in the 16th month and 14th month respectively. It is possible that early closure of the growth plates in the race of short stature in this breed is justified.

Based on our knowledge, there have been no ultrasonographic studies on uterine involution following induction of abortion in the bitch. To evaluate ultrasonographic features of uterine involution following induction of abortion. In a concurrent study, pregnancy was terminated in 6 bitches in the third trimester of pregnancy by ultrasound guided induced fetal death. Ultrasonographic examination of the reproductive tract carried out after the day of complete abortion up to complete uterine involution, in which uterine dimensions were unchanged within two consecutive evaluations. Uterine shape, size, and echogenicity as well as wall layering were evaluated in ultrasonographic evaluations, and mean values were measured in both placental and interplacental regions. Ultrasonographic features revealed that, uterine wall is detected on ultrasound images having six different layers on the basis of its echogenicity. Wall layering was very explicit and distinct within the first week after abortion and lost its distinction in the course of uterine involution. On the day after abortion, placental regions measured approximately twice the size of the uterus in interplacental areas. In the first week, the mean values of the placental and interplacental thickness were 2.11±0.31cm and 1.12±0.20 cm respectively, measured in uterine horns. After the third week, the placental and interplacental regions lost their distinction and thickness. In the last two weeks, uterine horns were almost equal in dimension in every part. The time of complete involution varied amongst these 6 different bitches, being in the 6th, 8th, 9th, 10th, and 13th week after the induction of abortion. The findings of this study could be a basis for ultrasonographic evaluation of abnormal uterine structures and also detection of uterine involution time after abortion or parturition.

Today, Cryptosporidium is considered as one of the etiological agents of diarrhea syndrome in newborn ruminants, especially calves. The incidence rate of the infection to this parasite in diarrheic calves in southern Khorasan, Neishabour was studied. One hundred seventy fecal samples of diarrheic calves from husbandries in Neishabour were collected from July 2009 to January 2010. These samples were transferred to laboratory and were examined for the presence of Cryptosporidium oocyst after concentration with formol-ether method and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining. The incidence rate of infection to this protozoan in the studied samples was 11.2%. Moreover, 13.04% of male calves and 8.97% of female animals were infected with the parasite. The incidence rate of the infection in cold season (14.06%) was more than warm season (9.43%). Meanwhile, 12.12% of the calves under three months of age and 7.89% aged three to six months were infected with protozoan. Statistical analyses did not show significant relationship between the infection of parasite and the studied factors including age, sex, and season. Control of Cryptosporidium is necessary, with regard to the presence of this parasite in calves of Neishabour and its zoonotic aspect.

Lyme borreliosis is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by spirochetes of the Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex. There are no reports on this subject in dogs from Iran. Determining the serologic prevalence level of produced antibodies against Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato complex in three Caspian littoral provinces of Iran and studying the effect of climatic risk factors on it are the first aims of this study. During the period from July to September 2009 a seroepidemiological study was conducted on 273 dogs in three Caspian provinces of Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan, Iran's known habitats of tick (Ixodes ricinus). In order to study the correlation between infection distribution and climatic factors by geographic information system (GIS), geographic position of seronegative and seropositive dogs was overlaid on climatic maps of Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces. Multivariate regression model and correlation matrix analyses were used for statistical analysis. From 273 serum samples in the whole studied area, 22 (8.1%) showed antibodies against B. burgdorferi sensu lato complex. The seroprevalence of B. burgdorferi sensu lato in provinces of Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan were 0.0% (0.91), 2.2% (2.91) and 22% (20.91), respectively. Mean annual temperature had positive and significant correlation with B. burgdorferi sensu lato complex seroprevalence in sampled dogs of the three north provinces (p<0.05). Regarding the seroprevalence of Lyme borreliosis in dogs of three Caspian provinces of Iran, more attention must be paid to this disease, especially in Golestan province. This is the first study on the role of climatic factors in canine Lyme borreliosis in Iran.

The bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is one of the bovine respiratory system pathogens that represses lungs immunity and raises the pathogenicity of other bacteria and viruses. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of BVDV in lung tissue. In this study, 30 bovine lung tissues were used. Histopathologic analysis showed different lesions in lung tissues. RT-PCR test results and histopathologic observations were studied for each sample and compared. Kai Square Test was used to study any possible association between the existence of BVD virus and incidence of four common lesions: 1- Interestitial pneumonia, 2- bronchitis and bronchiolitis, 3- edema, emphysema and atelectasis and 4- bronchopneumonia. If the assumptions of X2 test were not applicable, the Fisher Exact Test was used. The RT-PCR test for BVDV results was positive for 10 lung samples. 5 BVD positive cases were involved with interestitial pneumonia, while 10 BVD negative cases were not affected. Finally, in the studied lung tissues, only the 3 + degree or severe interstitial pneumonia was significantly associated with the existence of BVD virus. No significant relation was seen regarding other possible lesions, which may have resulted from the probable roles of bacteria or other viruses and toxic factors that were not studied in this project.

Ticks(Acari: Ixodidae) have been recognized as important ectoparasites of livestock worldwide, including in Iran. From the point of the pathogen agent's transmission,detection of the distribution of hard ticks in different parts of the country could be useful This study reports the frequency and diversity of ticks in all age groups of both sexes in the natural habitat of domestic ruminants in Kermanshah province, Iran.A total of 600 ruminants (203 cattle,215 sheep,and 182 goats) from 150 flocks (90 in the east and 60 in the west part of the region) of 31 villages (15 in the east and 16 in the western part of the region) were randomly selected and examined from May to September 2012. Of all examined animals,24.63% cattle, 25.12% sheep,and 25.27% goats were infested with a total number of 1031 unfed ixodid ticks.The highest numbers of the hard ticks were collected from 3-4 year-old female cattle and 1-2 year-old female sheep and goats in the region.There was significant difference between age groups and sex of infested animals and prevalence of ixodid ticks.The ixodid tick indices were 4.6,7.9, and 7.1 for cattle, sheep,and goats, respectively.Geographical distribution of ixodid ticks infestations in different parts of Kermanshah province revealed that 12 cattle flocks (8%) and 12 goat flocks (8%) in the Miandarband region of eastern Kermanshah and 20 sheep flocks (13.33%) of Meidandam in western Kermanshah had the highest prevalence.Prevalence of ixodid tick infestation was statistically different between both parts of the region.The highest tick aggregation was found for inner thighs in cattle (46%) and ears in sheep (54%) and goats (43%). There was significant difference between predilection body sites of collected hard ticks from infested animals.Of all examined ticks (1031),three genera including Hyalomma, Rhipicephalus, and Boophilus with eight, nine, and seven species in cattle, sheep, and goats were respectively identified.The predominant infesting ticks were R. sanguinus (26.2% in cattle) and R.turanicus (53.1% in sheep and 40.55% in goats) from the western part of Kermanshah province, which was significantly different. The results of the current study showed that ixodid ticks infestation was widespread and prevalent in ruminants of the region.

Avian Influenza (AI) H9N2 subtype was first reported to have infected turkeys in the United States in 1966 and has been enzootic in Eurasia. In Iran, the H9N2 virus was first isolated from broiler chickens in 1998 in Ghazvin Province and it is the most prevalent subtype of influenza virus in poultry industry in Iran at the present time. The PB1 protein of influenza A viruses is an important host range and virus virulence determinant. The purpose of this study was phylogenetic analysis of the PB1 gene of H9N2 AI virus isolated from broiler flocks in Iran during the period 1998-2011. In this study, PB1 genes of 4 H9N2 isolates isolated from commercial chicken farms of Iran during the period 1998 to 2011 were partially amplified, sequenced and their amino acid sequences were assigned. The sequences were analyzed and phylogenetic study was done by comparing them to some deposited sequences of PB1 genes in GenBank. According to phylogenetic study on PB1 gene, two different groups can be distinguished among these Iranian H9N2 isolates. The current H9N2 circulating viruses in Iran are located in a new cluster of Middle East and India. The H9N2 isolates that are based on analysis of amino acid sequences of Iranian H9N2 isolates have some substitutions that are found in human and mouse adapted isolates. It seems that H9N2 isolates may show a trend to infect mammalian hosts. The available evidence indicates that PB1 genes of H9N2 influenza virus circulating in Iran have not been well conserved during the past years.

Parasites are ubiquitous on teleost fish and because of their various effects on host behavior, growth, fecundity and mortality should not be neglected. The aim of this study was identification of metazoan parasites on Otolithes ruber in the northwest of Qeshm Island. A total of 72 specimens were caught from the northwest of Qeshm Island in summer 2008 and winter 2009 by bottom trawl and were immediately deep frozen. All samples were transferred to laboratory and after measuring fish weight and length, parasitological survey was implemented by stereo and light microscopes on gills, skin, fins and internal organs. Separated parasites were: Monogenea: Diplectanum sp., Murraytrema sp. and Monoplectanum sp., Digenea: Pleorchis sp., Stephanostomum sp., Erilepturus sp., Nematoda: Philometra sp., Cucullanus sp. and Copepod: Brachiella sp. All mentioned parasites in this study are reported for the first time in Iran from Otolithes ruber except Philometra sp., and Otolithes ruber are introduced as a new host for Monoplectanum sp., Brachiella sp.

Using methionine in the diet of the small ruminants can induce the growth of follicles and their fibre growth. In this study, the effect of oral coated methionine on the hair follicles was determined in female Rayeni goats and their breastfed kids during the first 2 months of infancy. For this purpose, 60 healthy singleton born Rayeni goats, approximately 3 to 4 years of age with their one-day-old kids were randomly divided into 4 equal groups. The treated mothers group was given 3 gr/day pure oral methionine manually for 60 days. Skin samples of the 4 groups were taken from the middle of the left and right side, on zero, 30 and 60 days of experience. Routine histological processes were done. In each sample, primary and secondary follicles and skin follicles traits, the diameter of the primary and secondary follicles, the diameter of hair and cashmere, the diameter of dermal papilla of primary and secondary follicles and the number of primary and secondary follicles were measured respectively by linear graticule under light microscope. The diameter and percentages of the cashmere of mothers and kids, the firmness, and the length of the cashmere of kids were measured macroscopically. All data were analyzed with SPSS statistical software. The results showed that the oral coated methionine in the diet of the mothers could significantly increase the diameter of primary and secondary follicles and their dermal papilla. In the treated kids, the diameters of the primary and secondary follicles, the dermal papilla of the primary and secondary follicles and the number of secondary follicles showed significant change. According to the study, the oral coated methionine in the diet of the mothers during the first 2 months of infancy can significantly increase the diameter of primary and secondary follicles and their dermal papilla in the mothers and their treated kids. It can also increase the number of secondary follicles in the kids.

Today, uses of natural substances are preferred to chemical and synthetic compounds for growth and immune enhancement of aquatic organisms. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae extract and hydrolyzed powder on growth parameters and resistance of rainbow trout against temperature and hypoxia stresses with a bacterial challenge. For this purpose six hundred rainbow trout (50 ± 5 g mean weight) were purchased from a local fish farm and transferred to the laboratory. After acclimatization to the laboratory conditions the fish were randomly divided into four groups each with triplicate. The first group was fed with a commercial diet (control) while the other groups received yeast extract, hydrolyzed powder and a mixture of them with the commercial diet. Fish were cultured in a 300 l polyethylene tank for 60 days and growth parameters were analyzed at days 0 and 60. Also, at the end of study the fish were challenged with hypoxia and temperature stresses with an experimental bacterial infection. Results showed that the extract and hydrolyzed powder of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in combination significantly (p=0.021) improved rainbow trout growth parameters compared with the control. The results also proved that fish survival significantly increased following feeding with a mixture of the extract and hydrolyzed powder after thermal (69.55±4.59), hypoxia (96.55±5.34) and yersiniosis (49.11± 2.18) challenge than the control. Dietary administration of yeast extract with mixture of hydrolyzed powder of Saccharomyces cerevisiae could improve rainbow trout growth parameters and increase the resistance against stresses and disease.

The use of probiotic bacteria has been suggested as an important strategy to accomplish reproducible outputs through biocontrol in cultivation systems for marine fish larvae and crustaceans. These bacteria have beneficial effects on fish larvae. This study was done to determine the effect of probiotic lactobacilli on the growth and feeding performance of Persian Sturgeon (Acipenser persicus) larvae via bioencapsulation with Daphnia magna. Daphnia magna was enriched by probiotic lactobacillus for 8 hours in three levels of 4.30, 4.60 and 4.78 log of colonies forming unit per milliliter in suspension of broth, and fed by A. persicus larvae in experimental treatments (treatments of T1, T2 and T3). The Persian sturgeon larvae were fed on D. magna on the base of 30 percent of their body weight for 30 days. The control treatment was fed on unbioencapsulated D. magna. At the termination of the experiment, the whole body samples of the fish were analyzed according to the AOAC procedures (1990). The probiotic lactobacillus significantly promoted the body weight, levels of crude protein and carcass dry matter of larvae in experimental treatments in comparison with control treatment (p<0.05). But in the treatment T3, the crude lipid and crude energy were significantly decreased (p<0.05). The maximum level of average crude protein in T3 (70.27±0.44 %) and its minimum in control (68.51±0.34%) were obtained. This study indicated that the blend of Lactobacillus had an effect on the promotion of some of the growth and feeding parameters in Persian sturgeon larvae.

It has been shown that the rate at which a meal leaves the abomasum is influenced by the volume, constituents and pH of the chyme through duodenal receptors. A direct correlation between tonicity of oral solutions and abomasal emptying has been observed. It has been noted that if the osmolarity of an oral solution is increased, the rate of emptying from the abomasum decreases. Nowadays Hypertonic solutions are widely used to treat septic shock and diarrhea.

Determination of the effects of intravenous hypertonic Dextrose and Sodium Chloride solutions on the abomasal emptying in neonatal calves.

The present study was carried out on Six 5 to 8 day-old colostrum-fed Holstein-Friesian calves. Calves were administered each of 4 treatments in a crossover study. Each calf was weighed and then assigned to one of the following treatments at 1 ml/kg body weight (BW) IV in random order: 1) 0. 9% NaCl, equivalent to 308 mOsm/L (volume control); 2) 7. 2% NaCl, equivalent to 2500 mOsm/L (osmolality control); 3) 5% dextrose, equivalent to 0. 05 g dextrose/kg BW at 250 mOsm/L; and 4) 50% dextrose, equivalent to 0. 5 g dextrose/kg BW at 2500 mOsm/L. All 4 solutions were injected over 1 minute at a smooth rate, and time = 0 minutes was the start of injection. Immediately after administration of each treatment, the calves were allowed to suckle 2L of fresh cow's milk at room temperature (19؛ to 22؛C) that contained a dose of acetaminophen (50 mg/kg BW). Abomasal emptying rate was measured by use of the acetaminophen absorption technique as previously described. Venous blood samples for determination of plasma acetaminophen, glucose and insulin concentration were collected.

The results of the current study revealed that there was no difference in abomasal emptying rate between the 4 treatments.

The results indicate that IV isotonic and hypertonic solutions, unlike the oral route have no effect on abomasal emptying.

Drug absorption within intestinal urinary diversions has been reported to cause prolonged and higher grade toxicity. The aim of this study has been to determine the importance and significance of drug absorption via neobladder after ileocystoplasty Ten healthy adult mixed breed dogs of both sexes (7 males and 3 females), weighing between 15-25 kg were selected. The animals were randomly divided into equal test and control groups. In treatment group, partial cytectomy, resecting 50 percent of the bladder and immediate ileocystoplasty was performed by Lamesch and Dociu technique. In control group an ileal resection and intestinal tract re-anastomosis was achieved without partial cystectomy and ileocystoplasty. In all animals, blood and urine samples were taken before surgery, at hours 1, 3, 6 and 24 after oral administration of Furazolidone (100 mg/dog) and this process was repeated on days 7, 25 and 45 after operation at the same hours. After preparation of the samples, the Furazolidone was measured by HPLC assay. One way analysis of variance and Dunnet test were used for the analysis of the data and P values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. In test group, the blood samples showed significant changes of Furazolidone on day 25. The urine samples revealed significant changes on day 45 in both groups and on day 25 in test group. The results of this study showed absorptive effect of the ileum that decreases with time. Problems arising from drug reabsorption are usually rare and in most drugs a change in dosage (except those which have a narrow treatment ratio) may not be required.