نشریه تعلیم و تربیت استثنایی
سال سیزدهم شماره 114 (فروردین 1392)

This study aims at identifying factors influencing the birth of exceptional children in families who have more than one exceptional child. It investigates and compares the biological characteristics of the parents with more than one exceptional child, in two groups: a) parents from the same family background either from mother of father side; b) parents from different family background or parents who are not relative. This study also compares the demographic characteristics of children in these two groups. This study focuses on 94 parents 58 of which form the Target group and 36 form the comparison group. Finding showed that there are significant differences in several biological characteristics variables in the two groups under study. These variables are parent's type of marriage, parent's relationship in terms of their family background, the mother's age, the father's age, mother's marriage age in both groups.

The purpose of this research is to compare time Perception in two groups of children having attention deficit disorder/hyperactivity and normal ones. In the current post hapening research, 26 boys having a combination of attention deficit disorder/hyperactivity and 19 normal boys from the city of Tehran participated. In this research the revised copy of Conners Teachers Classification Scale (Conners, 1997) was utilized. Also, Barkly Method (2001) was used in the assessment of time Perception between these two groups. To analyze the data the independent statistical test was used.The results indicated that children having attention deficit disorder/ are inferior to normal children in performance in all three determined time periods and the difference between the two groups was significant. The analysis of data using the independent T test shows the difference in time Perception between children having attention deficit disorder/hyperactivity and normal children to be significant. In other words, children suffering from attention deficit disorder/hyperactivity are less aware of time Perception and are not able to plan activities based on time Perception.

Systems of education in different countries usually make psychological assessments of incoming first grade students to primary schools to be able to adjust their educational curriculum to special needs of the students. In our country, a project entitled "assessing physical health & school readiness" conducted from 1996 for incoming fist grade students. This project focuses on student's individual information, family situation, and physical health of the students as well as a brief assessment of their school readiness via some assessment approaches.The review studies carried out through investigating the modern approaches and new researches concerning the psychological assessment of incoming first grade school students indicate that our educational system's attempts in this field, compared with the international advanced psychological assessment of incoming students and with the goals of these assessments have great shortages and it is vital that some scientific, developmental and applicable research to be done to create a change.

Teaching parenting is one of the most effective intervention methods in attention deficit disorder/ hyperactivity by which parents learn how to treat their children so that they can become more effective parents and prevent behavioral problems from coming into existence or expansion. Positive parenting program is a group behavioral intervention program in Family intervention whose goal is prevention and treatment of severe behavioral, emotional and evolutionary problems through the expansion of awareness, parenting skills, parent's self esteem and also teaching how to solve problems. This program will also eliminate the unique special needs of parents and their children suffering from attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity (Sanders and Turner, Marqui-Dadz, 2002)

Academic performance is the area where children suffering from attention deficit disorder and hyperactivity have the most difficulties.These children because of having weaknesses in performing their tasks and behavioral problems and the lack of attention and concentration in academics, doing homework, Following school's rules and regulations and getting along with classmates face major difficulties. These problems will have negative effect not only on their family interaction and educational performance, but also their self assessment and self confidence to the point that they get caught in a cycle of negative interactions.Most of these children have no intelligence problems and should be placed in conventional schools and the class's environment and academic programs should be adjusted based on their needs. Since children spend a lot of time at school, it is imperative that teachers and other school's employees gain some knowledge about the peculiarities of this disorder, how to manage these children's behavior in the classroom and the methods of teaching them in order to help these children to take the most advantage in the academic setting. Because of the importance of this issue, the current research has been conducted for the purpose of presenting suitable educational approaches and methods for balancing the program with the class environment. This research is a review and its data have been gathered by using previous theoretical studies and conducted researches.

Different opinions have been presented about the cognitive performance of the deaf. In the current article, taking into account the study of different researches and views, there is an attempt to analyze the cognitive performance such as memory, intelligence, learning and linguistic performance in deaf children. In general, some claim that compared to normal children the deaf have a limited understanding as far as understanding, learning and memory are concerned. Some others reject this idea and believe that there is no significant difference between the deaf and normal children.Researches indicate that deaf children, as far as memory and the type of I.Q tests are concerned, are weaker than normal children.In some other researches, there is a claim that deaf children are not, generally, weak as far as intelligence is concerned.Although, it is possible that deaf children, quantitatively speaking, are equal to normal children, they are not, qualitatively, equal to normal children. The reason is that deaf childrens.Quantitative aspects of comprehensive and conceptual performance are different. They believe that deaf individuals have natural mental capabilities. Although, it is possible that, sometimes, some shortfalls might emerge in the performance, most of the problems in the deaf is as a result of communication gaps.Researches suggest that when it comes to the assessment of cognitive concepts of students with hearing impaired, the general communication method has been taken into consideration. These researches will also make references to the social factors in the individual's capability and learning facilitation. In this article, in addition to reviewing and summing up different views in the field of deaf student's cognitive performance, some other educational reasons have also been pointed out.

When a deaf child's rehabilitation starts, the audiologist should keep in mind what kind of rehabilitative method he or she would have for the child. Differences in opinions about the most appropriate method for every child have made decision making about the philosophy of communicative methods not an easy one. The audiologist should be aware that at the time of making this decision, the parents might still be involved with the grief of experimenting their emotional reaction to their children's loss of hearing. Therefore, audiologist should make sure that parents are well aware of the current choices rehabilitative methodology and can help the decision making process.

This article includes information about confrontational disorder (ODD), Conduct disorder (CD) and premature forms of antisocial behavior. Changes, developmental stability and the inner correlation between them and also effective intervention treatment for each of these conditions are analyzed and some suggestions have been offered for future researches.