International Journal of Cancer Management
Volume:6 Issue: 2, Spring 2013

The Bcl-2 protein family members have known as essential controllers of mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Bax is a pro-apoptotic member of Bcl-2 protein family, which is well known to play crucial roles for apoptosis control. bax has been implicated as potential tumor suppressor in certain solid tumors such as breast and colorectal carcinoma. DNA methylation of promoter associated CpG islands has known as a common mechanism for gene inactivation in tumor cells. The Methylation Specific PCR (MSP) has used to find the methylation profile of the bax gene promoter CpG islands in colorectal and breast cancer cell lines. We have not detected any kind of «CpG islands hypermethylation» in promoter region of the bax gene in T47D, MCF7 (as ER positive), MDA-MB-231 and MDA-MB-468 (as ER negative) breast carcinoma-derived cell lines and colorectal cancer cell lines H29 and Caco II. It seems that CpG island methylation could not play the main role in down-regulation of bax gene in breast and colon cancers.

Children with cancer should deal with difficult situations such as undergoing multimodal treatment. Emotion Regulation Mechanisms (ERM) could be more effective for childhood cancer adaptation. The main purpose of this study was examination a number of the biological, psychological and social emotion regulators on adjustment to pediatric oncology. In this study, 98 children (39 girls and 59 boys) have participated that diagnosed as Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) cases along with their mothers. The participants were between 8 to 12 years old. Salivary cortisol, cognitive emotion regulation, children''s level of inhibition, maternal positivity and Beck Depression Inventory have been applied for evaluation of Emotion Regulation (ER) while Cancer-Specific Stress and Coping, Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale, anxiety-depression scales and vitality test have all used for assessing the Emotional Adjustment (EA). Using the canonical correlation has been showing significant relation between predictors of ER and EA. Cortisol level and mother''s depression have played the most important role in above correlation. Variation of cortisol level has identified by its various effects on the mother''s behavioral system depression, cognitive strategies and emotional inhibition; would determine the rate of coping with cancer, resiliency and vitality.

Occupational and environmental exposures mostly represent complex mixture of genotoxic agents, however there is a wide variation in the specificity of biomarkers. Exploration of correlations among biomarkers contributes to the further progress of molecular cancer epidemiology and to the selection of the optimal biomarkers for the investigation of human exposure to carcinogens. The aim of this study was to assess the potential cytogenetic damage associated with occupational exposure to toxic agents among rubber industry workers by using Micronucleus (MN) assay. In the present study 35 occupationally exposed rubber industry workers and 30 controls were investigated for genetic damage. Both the exposed and control individuals were selected from rural areas of South India. Exfoliated Buccal cells were collected from the study population and examined for the presence of MN. Rubber industry workers showed a significant increase in micronucleated cells when compared to controls with respect to their smoking and drinking habits (P< 0.05). The present study suggested that occupational exposure to toxic chemicals in rubber industry can cause genetic damage. MN formation reflects genetic changes and/or events associated with carcinogenesis. Therefore the results of this study indicate that rubber industry workers may be at the risk of cancer. Therefore, it is important to take appropriate measures to protect the workers from occupational hazards.

Expression of Epstein-Barr virus Latent Member Protein-1 (EBV LMP-1) and loss of P16 protein expression are documented in lymphoma, indicating a relationship between them, but this relationship is not clear and sometimes contradictory. Thus, this study was conducted to examine the relationship between the loss of P16 and EBV LMP-1 expression in Jordanian patients diagnosed with lymphoma. Sections were made from archival formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded blocks from 55 patients diagnosed with lymphoma. P16 expression and LMP-1 expression were detected by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies. In Hodgkin''s Lymphoma (HL), the loss of P16 was higher in LMP-1 positive cases (61%) than LMP-1 negative cases (25%; P = 0.072). Conversely, in Non-Hodgkin''s Lymphoma (NHL), none of LMP-1 positive samples showed loss of P16. Furthermore, among LMP-1 HL positive cases, the loss of P16 was more frequent in male (75%) than female (33%). Also, there was a significantly higher proportion of LMP-1 positive cases showing loss of P16 in HL (11/18), compared to those in NHL (0/8, P < 0.001), confirming a difference between HL and NHL, concerning the LMP-1/P16 relationship. A trend for an association between loss of P16 and LMP-1 expression was observed in HL but not NHL patients. These findings suggest that there are molecular and clinical differences in the pathogenesis and development of different subtypes of lymphoma.

Cancer is the third leading cause of death in Iran, and its trend is increasing in recent years. National reports state that cancer registries in Shahroud district had 204% coverage in 2008. This study investigated cancer situation in Shahroud with complete details between 2000–2010. Data was obtained from national cancer registry software and analyzed after removing the repeated records. World standard population and direct standardization method was used to calculate Age Standardized incidence Rates (ASRs). Annual percentage changes calculated using Jointpoint software and Poisson regression model was performed to calculate cancer incidence trends. A total of 2240 cancer cases were identified, 1234 (55.1%) in man and 1006 (44.9%) in woman. The mean age was 61.6 years (Confidence Interval, CI 95%: 60.9– 62.3). ASRs of total cancers was 95.4 (CI 95%: 89.2–101.6) per 100,000; this rate was 114.8 (CI 95%: 107.9–121.6) for men and 105.2 (CI 95%: 100.6 –109.8) for women. The average annual increase in ASR was 12.4%, which could not be attributed only to improve reporting. Gastric cancer is the most common cancer in men, and breast cancer is most common in women. Cancer incidence rate has increased significantly in Shahroud in recent years. A portion of this increase can be attributed to increased incidence of cancers, especially cancers of colorectal, gastric, breast, and skin.

A person''s beliefs can influence the progression of his/her disease; and battling an illness can trigger severe anxiety about death. This study aims to compare the attitude toward death between healthy people and those suffering from diabetes and cancer. In a cross-sectional study, 300 individuals were selected by convenient sampling method. Three groups were matched by gender, age, education, and monthly income. Information was collected through a Death Attitude Profile-Revised (DAPR) questionnaire and Analyzed Via Covariance (ANCOVA). The results indicated no difference in death attitude among the three groups (f=2.705, p<0.05). All the three groups displayed a higher mean in neutral and approach acceptance. In this study, it was found that disease does not seem to change death attitudes; rather the patients'' current attitude has been shaped by previous stages of their sickness.

New cancer therapies with novel mechanisms and functions are needed to treat patients with different cancers. Virotherapy is a good scenario for such treatment. The advantages of virotherapy include the potential lack of cross resistance with standard therapies and the ability to cause tumor destruction by numerous mechanisms. Oncolytic virus not only possesses unique mechanisms of action that are distinct from other treatment modalities, its self-perpetuating nature provides an ideal platform for therapeutic transgenic insertion. In this review article, a variety of oncolytic viruses in cancer gene therapy will be described.

Defining cancer stem cells and their origins is of much controversy, and constitutes a challenged knockout for cell targeting- anticancer drugs. Herein, we put forward a hypothetic model for cancer stem cells initiation from bone marrow stem cells. These later, will differentiate into an ancestral progenitor that activates a memorial program – the black box cassette- that is responsible of abnormal neo-organogenesis in the form of tumors and metastases. To approve this model, we assume that characterizing and investigating the most primitive forms of the bone marrow progenitors is required; both inside their niche and in circulation of cancer patients.

Breast cancer is the most common cancer and the leading cause of cancer death among the women worldwide. The risk of local and distant recurrence is the highest during the first two years following the initial treatment. Very late relapse (after 12 years) is uncommon in breast cancer survivors. Herein, we report the characteristics and outcomes of 6 such cases of breast cancer. The mean age of the patients was 40.1 years (range 30-57) and the mean disease free survival was 19.6 years. Late relapse is not so common in breast cancer but can occur in any stage. Therefore, we suggest life-time follow up for every patient with breast cancer.

Intracystic carcinoma of the breast is a rare form of breast carcinoma. Among all malignant breast tumors, this lesion has an incidence of 0.2-0.5%. These neoplasms have certain characteristic imaging findings which help to differentiate these lesions from other focal breast abnormalities.This report is on the case of a 48-year-old woman with a palpable, painless lump in her right breast. mammography demonstrated an oval well-circumscribed mass without calcification. Breast ultrasonography showed a cystic lesion with an intracystic solid component projecting from its posterior wall. Cyst aspiration revealed a hemorrhagic fluid and a suspicious cytology. Excisional biopsy revealed papillary carcinoma suggesting of intracystic papillary carcinoma.