مجله زنان مامائی و نازائی ایران
سال شانزدهم شماره 49 (هفته سوم و چهارم اردیبهشت 1392)

Proteinuria is one of the most important signs of pre-eclampsia. A 24-hour urine collection is the gold standard for determining urinary protein. Considering the difficulty and costly of this test، many studies have been done to find easier and faster methods. The aim of this study was to survey the relationship of 8 and 16-hour urinary protein values with 24-hour urinary protein values in hypertensive pregnant women to diagnose pre-eclampsia. This cross sectional study was conducted on 184 pregnant women who were hospitalized to determine preeclampsia in Imam Reza hospital، Mashhad، Iran، 2008. Cases were divided into two groups of 92 pregnant women with normal blood pressure and 92 women with high blood pressure. Within a 24- hour period، three 8-hour urine samples were collected in separate containers consecutively and urine volume، protein and creatinine value were measured. Sensitivity، specificity، positive and negative predictive values and Pearson correlation coefficients of urinary protein values were assessed for first and third 8-hour and 16- hour. Data were analyzed using statistical SPSS software version 16، and paired t-test، independent t-test and Leven test. P value less than 0. 05 was considered significant. In hypertensive patients، first 8-hour sample had sensitivity of 58. 8%، specificity of 92%، positive and negative predictive value 62. 5% and 90. 8%، respectively. The 16- hour sample had sensitivity of 76. 5%، specificity of 96%، positive and negative predictive value 81. 3% and 94. 7%، respectively. The correlation coefficients of first 8-hour and16-hour with 24-hour urinary protein were 0. 621 and 0. 832، respectively. There were strong positive correlation between urinary samples 16-hour and moderate positive correlation between first and third 8-hour with values of 24-hour samples. Short collecting of urine had more diagnostic value in rule out of pre-eclampsia.

Menopause is a natural event in women life، but some of its symptoms are severe enough to affect negatively on normal daily activities of women. There are different tools to measure and evaluate the symptoms of menopause. One of these tools is Menopause Rating Scale (MRS). The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and severity of menopausal symptoms in pre-and postmenopausal women using MRS and its relationship with demographic factors. This descriptive، analytical and cross sectional study was carried out on 512 pre-and postmenopausal women in Ahvaz، Iran، 2012. Data gathering tools were demographic and MRS questionnaires. MRS questionnaire consisted of 11 symptoms of menopause in three domains (somatic، psychological، urogenital) that scored on a 5 point Likert scale. The questionnaires were completed by face to face interviews for all samples. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16، t-test and ANOVA. P value less than 0. 05 was considered significant. 344 cases (67. 2%) were postmenopausal and 168 cases (32. 8%) were premenopausal. Total MRS score was 23. 12±8. 96 which showed significant difference between premenopausal and postmenopausal groups (p<0. 0001). The most prevalent symptom in premenopausal (62. 5%) and postmenopausal (71. 6%) women was muscle and joint pain. Worst complain was related to joint and muscular pain in premenopausal (2. 30±1. 29) and postmenopausal (2. 79±1. 47) groups. There was a significant difference between total MRS score and education (p=0. 01 in postmenopausal and p The most prevalent symptom in pre-and postmenopausal women was muscle and joint pain. Athletes and non-smokers women and those who had higher education and income had better MRS score.

Nowadays، unnecessary medical interventions during labor may lead to adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. This study was carried out to compare fetal and neonatal outcomes in nulliparous women between two physiological and traditional delivery groups. This single-blind clinical trial was conducted on 370 nulliparous mothers in Shahid Nooraani hospital of Talesh، Iran، 2011. Randlist software was used for generating a randomization list and samples were classified into four and six blocks. Each participant was given an envelope that the type of intervention was written inside it. Data were collected through checklist، observation of labor process، laboratory results and telephone follow-up. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 13، t-test and chi -square test. P value less than 0. 05 was considered significant. Fetal heart rate pattern in the first and second stages of labor in group of physiologic labor was more in normal range than group of traditional labor، and this difference was statistically significant (p<0. 001). No statistically significant difference was found in term of Apgar score at first minute of birth (p=0. 32)، but the difference of Apgar score at fifth minute was statistically significant (p<0. 001). PH of arterial blood gas (p=0. 028)، need for resuscitation at birth (p=0. 072) and hospitalization rates in infants (p=0. 019) were statistically significant between two groups. Considering the physiological process of labor and lack of need for medical interventions، infant outcomes in pregnant women can reduce with non-pharmacologic relief pain.

Infertility as a stressful life crisis can devastate person’s mental health. One of the latest methods of assisted reproductive technology is surrogacy. This technique is considered as the most controversial reproductive techniques in recent years because of its unique aspects. So، this study was performed with the purpose of determining the knowledge and attitude of infertile women about surrogacy. This descriptive and cross sectional study was conducted on 150 infertile women who were referred to Fatemieh infertility treatment center in Hamadan، Iran، 2010 to 2011. Samples were selected by systematic randomized method. Data gathering tools was interviewing with a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 16، and descriptive analytical spearman tests. P value less than 0. 05 was considered significant. 65 infertile women (43. 3%) was agree with using surrogacy if necessary. 74 women (49. 3%) preferred using known surrogate mother. 103 women (68. 6%) agreed with disclosure to child about the fact. 101 women (67. 3%) did not have received any educational information about surrogacy. However only 15 infertile women (10%) did not had enough knowledge toward surrogacy، but 80 women of them (53. 3%) had positive attitudes toward surrogacy. Despite of good knowledge of infertile women toward surrogacy، their attitudes about this technology are not so positive. So، changing the cultural background in the society for better acceptability of this technique seems to be necessary.