فصلنامه نگرش های نو در جغرافیای انسانی
سال پنجم شماره 2 (پیاپی 18، بهار 1392)

Phenomenology as a philosophical approach, expresses a certain understanding of place and space. This approach is used in different topics such as "place" and "identity" by geographers too. "Place" is a collection of links and communication networks or social processes that are flowing in different scales and distances, and "identity" is a response to the human indigenous necessity to recognizability himself with a series of cultural, historical and geographical elements and phenomenons, that take form the affected from these processes in different geographical scales. Today, with the formation of "Cyber Space" in the information and communication era, the question is how can place still plays a decisive role in the individuals identification at different geographical scales? This paper examines in relation to identity and place in different geographical scales and uses the phenomenological approach and analytical method

Development of tourism activities in the target areas of different aspects of social, economic and ecological matters is important In this regard, governments and planners are now trying to do a lot of development activity. Hence, there are different requirements for the development of tourism activities as one of the requirements of the software program in order to plan for tourism development in destination areas. These requirements can be examined in aspect of different dimensions, body image, perceived quality and loyalty.. Each of these dimensions is a different variable. Ramsar tourist destination due to the position and benefit from ecotourism attractions such as the sea, green forest and villages has special importance in the eyes of tourists. In this context, the main goals of this paper are, with emphasis on of brands in the tourism destination is listed in Ramsar. This research is a descriptive - analytic data collection questionnaire the collected data were analyzed using SPSS software the results show that there are differences between dimensions. and in the three dimensions of brand, awareness, mental perception and loyalty average is higher than average differences between the average is lower than the average in perception.

Climate has a great role on tourism in a region. In fact, climate and itsdiversity are considered as a tourism resource and most tourists consider that in location and duration of their stay. Climate has always been deliberated as a natural source; a resource which is renewable. Hence, climate is different from other resources and could affect vastly tourist attractions and regional and local economy.Climate change and its effects on tourism in the future are among the issues which are less discussed. Studying climate change effects on tourism industry in Fars Province is of significance since tourist set their destinations based on climate and also investment’s future is dependent on it. Using the tci-index and Mann-Kendall test in this research, Fars Province climate change and its effects on tourism comfort to the year 2050 is studied. The research is of correlation type. The data was collected throughthe library and survey methods. Results suggest that the annual average has a positive significant process in February, June and December and in other months has a constant process. Also, the best month for tourism is October and the worst is January.

Today, the urban, health-life in the light of access to healthy nutrition and food security due to the increasing population, urbanization, growth, migration, poverty, and the margin of the prevailing trend of sedimentation in the occult world, third world countries, particularly, most of the major issues raised in the debate geography-a medical and a stable sustainability. The aim purpose of this study investigates food security and health nutrition (meat, milk, fruit and vegetables, as fitted to the most important group of food affecting the health of the people), That raised issues in the field of study of the, people health-life. The study utilized survey method and 380 was selected as sample. Questionnaire was used to collect the required data. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) - Mann-Whitne and chi-squre- was used to process and analyze data. The results of this research show extreme weakness due to social, cultural, dimensions and, particularly economic, the residents of the area, an appropriate access to food security and nutrition health that these factors have leads to decrease health-life.

Iran's ancient history and the world road Abresham and between East and West as one of the major poles of human civilization in the world is So that in terms of having the world's top ten tourist attractions and enjoyment of the highest biodiversity on Earth, is the fifth in the world One of the four seasons in the Kermanshah Province is Avramanat With the numerous attractions of historical, religious, cultural and natural, especially to the different levels of local tourism until national is one of the major poles in the West of Iran. The main objective of this study was to identify opportunities and challenges of regional tourism. Research methods - descriptive analysis of the questionnaires and the number was 383 and in considering the impact of the weaknesses, strengths, opportunities and threats, strategies towards sustainable development of tourism in this region is presented. Methods of data collection and data analysis required more documentation, survey and analysis and to draw maps of Arc Gis software is used. The results indicate that tourism in this region, more seasonal (summer) and environmental conditions, or natural attractions, there is a quiet environment away from the clamor of cities and regions prone to the most important investment for the tourism strengths. Shortage of residential places, poor publicity, lack of infrastructure, tourism seasonality of the most important weaknesses, The most important opportunities for local employment can be that unemployment is high and access to international markets in neighboring countries, the absence of such gravity that other areas in the province, and the ability to become the hub of the province's top ecotourism. There are also major threats to its borders with neighboring and regional insecurity in the country, severe deprivation because of the eight-year Iran-Iraq War and being involved directly in the region, investment in the tourism sector is small. In the end, to provide solutions that can be addressed in the improvement and organization of tourism in this area is effective.

Current research aimed to identify and explain factors contributing to success for tourism based enterprise in Zyarat village from Gorgan county. This applied research carried out based on survey strategy. The population of this research consisted of all owners of tourism based business in Zyarat village that 176 persons were selected through mixed sampling method. Validity of the questionnaire was established using comments of a group of researchers, experts and informants of tourism field in province of Golestan. According to calculate Cronbach's alpha (0.86) reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed. Result revealed that economical and financial needs are dominant as goals and motivations for start-up tourism based business. Findings of factor analyzing indicated that five factors namely; facilities and resources, infrastructures and services, learning and mentoring, communications and links and business management explained 80.36% of the total variances for determinants of business success.

In today's world Tourism Industry Is one of the most important parts that is effective in every country's economy, in the context of employment and income, can be effective. The purpose of this research is to identify suitable options in order to improve economic relationships in two national and regioal level in the areas of the country that are susceptibe in attracting tourism, or Outside the scope of the country. The Why that tourist attracting areas in addition to providing opportuninty in attracting the tourists, recieve no assistance from government and in the opposite, recive no support and investment from the private sector in improving the tourism prosperity is a question that is far more extended to be discussed only via this research. Jouybar, as a Border and the coastal city of Mazandaran, with having and providing the capacity of tourism and ecotourism points for the country,can attract domestic and foreign tourists (the countries that are in the neighbouring of Mazandaran Lake).This reseach with considering paying low attention toward infrastructure, in the tourism sector, and accordingly making the capacities remaining unknown, identifies the strategies development of tourism in this city(Jouybar). For this purpose, In the present paper, via using the descriptive and analysis methods and strategic models of SWOT, and the operational working To determine the strengths, weaknesses, providing strategy, In order to develop the tourism when there are both oppurtunities and threats.This city(Jouybar)With Having eighty-two tourist attractions can become one of the major tourism axes in the country and region. With analysing the collected information,the factors such as: lack of accommodation in along the beach, weakness in advertising, neglect of the infrastructure attracts tourism in this city are identified as barriers of the tourism industry, and providing strategies including: Preparation of the comprehensive tourism plan for the city, according to importance of the coast, in the city's economic development, increasing the participation of the people, using modern methods of advertising and establishment of amenities – providing accommodation with low cost for the welfare of tourism in order to develope the economy and the tourism boom of Joubar are proposed.

Using the potentials and benefits of cooperative sector, it is possible to overcome parts of challenges and difficulties the tourism industry is facing in Iran. Qom Province with its religious and cultural importance is one of the most important centers for tourism and can play a significant role in tourist attraction.However, it is far away from its real potential owing to a variety of existing problems. This study is aiming to assess the role of cooperative sector in organizing and helping tourism development in this province. The study was analytical descriptive type with both library and field survey using researcher made questionnaire for data collection.The statistical population onsisted of administrators(managers) and cooperative experts associated with the tourism industry in the province.The results shows that despite the importance of organizational improvement needed in tourism industry of Qom, reflected through responses of statistical population, the cooperative sector has not been of great help in improving the situation due to a major gap that exist between current and ideal situation. Results also indicate that cooperative sector can be of significant importance in development of tourism industry despite the existing gap. Also the relevance of education to the job had a significant effect on the members of statistical population views related to effectiveness of cooperative sector and its role in development of tourism industry of Qom providence.

Population and Development Review, the effective component in the geopolitical and security of countries.Public opinion in this case the growth rate of the population considers important and not its absolute amount. In this study, with emphasis on indicators of Iran's population growth and its impact on national security and stability have been studied. Evaluate the hypothesis "there is a relation between population growth rate declines by a factor of stability and security", in which test methods - descriptive and analytical statistical tests were performed. Research findings on factors such as the Iranian population, high unemployment and the increase in academic study and areas of weakness or lack of employment and unemployment in this case, the hypothesis to be evaluated positively.The hypothesis was tested in both crisis-prone countries and result in these areas led to the intensification of communication theory. In this study, to avoid any kind of idealism about growing Iranian population recommended by the realism and organize and develop indicators of the crowd has been suggested, because the theory of momentum of population growth in Iran, the country itself, an increased growth rate of about 2 percent, to Due to the increasing number of girls who reach reproductive age will experience.

Today one of the most important issues in urban planning are balanced development in cities and proportion of citizen from urban utilities. The role of planning to achieve this goal, the distribution of urban facilities and utilities will lead to the benefit of all social groups in society and social justice and sustainable development of urban space. The aim of this study was to investigate and identify the distribution of population and utilities in Zanjan city urban regions and also comparison between the results of the urban utilities distribution using VIKOR and TOPSIS models. According to the study, to assess the population distribution entropy model and for utilities distribution VIKOR and TOPSIS and for correlation between these two variables calculation (population and access to services) in urban regions Spearman model has been used in this case study. Results from the population distribution of entropy coefficient (0.9386), which indicates that the distribution of population in urban areas is proportional Zanjan with use VIKOR and TOPSIS models, but the results indicate that the distribution of services in urban areas is not appropriate in Zanjan city. The research results should be proper planning, for redistribute and distribution services suited to achieve balanced development in urban areas towards social justice and consequently achieve sustainable urban development.

Although importance of brittle structures in Middle East and North Africa is focused in many Geopolitics and international relation theories, but we cant introduce a unique framework as the reason of this Fragility. Ups and Downs in Middle Eastern and North African countries history that really are the center of Muslim world, shaped by sets of conflicts and Lack of coordination. These conflicts are themselves, factors of local, national, regional, and even international involvements. Recent evolutions in Middle Eastern and North African regions show the wave of liberation and overthrow of dictatorial regimes that govern their nations for many years. These evolutions are influenced on regional geopolitics and shaped a new perspective of regional relations. In this paper, using analytical-descriptive method, beside survey the influence of Islamic awaking, regional and international political relations perspective of Middle Eastern and North African countries is mentioned, and their approach to the western politics is analyzed. Assessment of political state and political risks in aforementioned countries shows dissatisfactions and readiness to changes in level of outlined risks. Therefore, change in political system at any of these countries, will influenced on regional geopolitical system.

Nowadays, tourism forms the large part of world economy. Different countries try to receive the most portions from world tourism. At this process, the countries are able to attract more world tourism having necessary conditions related to constant elements of tourism. Although, Iran has the most capabilities on tourism, but unfortunately, it couldn’t reach the appropriate place at this industry. The results of study at the field of tourism show several challenges. This paper aims to rank the cities of Khuzestan province based on effective factors to attract tourism by using the TOPSIS model. At the present study based on analytic- descriptive view, we will try to use nine criterions according to needs of study and available elements to develop tourism. TOPSIS model is used to analyze data and rank factors. The results of study show that Khouzestan has hundreds of historical, natural, cultural, religious attractions and war areas. Therefore; this city has the capability of development and enormous investment at this industry. Also, the ranking of cities indicates superiority of several cities relative to other ones of this province. So that among cities of Ahwaz, Dezfoul and Shoushtar are determined as the firstly developed group, but there is a deep gap among other cities. The last group involves seven cities which are lower developed cities relative to other ones of this province. Except for Hendijan city, other cities meet the least attractions and historical works. Also there is no possibility of investment, because the investment needs productivity or efficiency.

The most important issues in the context of tourism are utilizing tourism facilities and infrastructures, identifying potentials, ranking infrastructures and tourism attractions in different areas of a province, and applying uniform distribution of these infrastructures and facilities. Gilan province, one of the most significant provinces of Iran, has multiple historical, cultural and natural attractions that can attract many tourists annually. The aim of this paper is classification of Gilan province’s townships in the viewpoint of facilities and tourism attractions for determination of tourism hubs. The descriptive-analytical approach was used. Also the combination of Topsis model and Analytical hierarchy program were applied for data analyzing. The statistical society of this survey is 20 tourism experts from which the required data have been collected by using a questionnaire. The validity of the questionnaire has been confirmed by tourism division and reliability of the questionnaire has been calculated by Cronbach's Alpha coefficient that has been calculated 0.84. This study shows that determination of tourism hubs will lead to allocate financial credits in developing tourism regions efficiently, intended use of the available facilities and more stability of truism activities in the province.

In order to supply of irrigatin water for recent developed pestachue cultivation area in Rafsanjan basin, overpumage of underground water caused discharge of underground water resulting lowering the. water table.. Falling of water table could have destruction effects on the hydrological pedological and biological aspects of region. In order to avoid the hazardness of lowering the water table recharging of aquifers may be an appropriate solution. For this purpose TOPSIS model was used to evaluate the most appropriate region in recharging of Rafsanjan basin aquifer. The most effective parametere in this regards was elevation. Based on elevation the reffered basin was divided to six separate region. In each region 13 parametere was used in TOPSIS model and final model analysis showed that the region section A4 which its elevation ranged from 1610 to 1745 meter was the most appropriate site for recharging.

Garmsar plain has special bioclimatic conditions due to several reasons such as: its location in the margin of the central desert of Iran, its nearness to southern slopes of Alborz mountains range and also the climatic systematization which affects on it. One of the obvious features of Garmsar plain is its emptiness of the region climate and also its annual and daily temperature fluctuations. All the above mentioned conditions make it necessary to have both optimal orientation and concordant architecture for the region. Because of this and by using synoptic weather data, the bioclimatic conditions of Garmsar plain have been analyzed and the following results have been gained. According to the thermal index of the building it was made clear that during 21 percent time of the year we need to have mechanical warming and only in the 22.2 percent time of the year there is the possibility to use the solar energy. There is relief in indoor areas in around 9.7 percent time of the year and only in 8.3 percent time of the year there is total relief. Also there is only 38.8 percent possibility to use constructional materials. In order to provide the suitable bioclimatic conditions in indoor areas of the building for the purpose of different kinds of building construction on the diagram of path of light of the sun, the latitude of Garmsar plain was identified. It was also made clear that in order to have optimum settlement of building, the two directions of south east and 105 eastern degrees till south were identified as suitable directions for receiving energy.

Climate control will be one of the most important war tools in future through which and using the ionosphere, severe storms, massive floods, deadly twisters, fatal lightning, surface and subsurface drifts, earthquakes, massive explosions comparable to nuclear explosions but without environmental degradations (i.e. without radioactive rays) and transmission of refracted waves from the ionosphere to human beings in order to control their determination, resolution and willpower, can be created. American experts and scientists, especially military scientists are studying weather system (climate) seriously in order to take advantage of it in future wars.Their investigation and research focused on increasing power and speed, draining surface water used in agriculture and drinking, creating flood in the targeted area, stabilizing the air, creating severe lightning and earthquakes, generating massive explosions comparable to nuclear explosions and so on.These are all performed with radiating electromagnetic waves upon the ionosphere, which is known as HAARP project in the USA. This potentiality can be used to make the targeted country, especially countries in which agriculture is the mainstay of economy, instable.

The country's natural resources as a national treasure today as the benchmark for measuring the development of the country has become. Research done on the effects of co-villagers in conservation, restoration and exploitation of natural resources (Case of Mazandaran province) and interactions it has on the lives of villagers. The rate and degree of control of data collection and the ability to generalize the findings of the survey and how the survey was conducted. Mazandaran rural community with a total population of this research is about 1390000 people Using Cochran's formula for sample size n=128 is estimated means of a questionnaire survey. The content validity by faculty members and technology experts on the subject have been confirmed. Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient for %99/2 respectively, indicating very high reliability of the questionnaire. A total of 150 questionnaires were distributed and considered that this number, 132 were returned completed questionnaires by the villagers. Data analysis was performed using statistical software 18SPSS.This will contribute to stabilize the country. Finally, in line with the recommendations of the study are presented.

The world's main development strategy, sustainable development strategy. Therefore, sustainable development, sustainable development indicators, principles of sustainable development policies and planning patterns in sustainable development in planning the future development of Based on environmental performance, one of the principles of national regional and global scale are considered. Environmental potential of this approach in the present paper Application of sustainable development Component capabilities in mining, agriculture, mountain, tourism, etc. are analyzed.