نشریه فیزیولوژی ورزش و فعالیت بدنی
سال سوم شماره 2 (پاییز و زمستان 1389)

it has been determined that physical activity ameliorates inflammatory status caused by obesity and aging process. This study investigated effect of swimming endurance training on serum visfatin levels, insulin resistance index (HOMA-IR) and lipids profile in obese women.

Participants included 16 sedentary post menopausal obese women (BMI=30.16±1.15 kg/m2, mean aged 54.25±3.9 years) randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups, participated in 10 weeks of swimming endurance training (50-60% of maximal heart rate), 3 days per week. Serum visfatin levels, HOMA-IR, lipids profile and anthropometric measurements were assessed before and 48 hours after training. Statistical analysis was done by paired and independent t -test and Pearson correlation, and P value < 0.05 was considered significant.

10 weeks of endurance training reduced visfatin level (P=0.045, 28.5%) and HOMA-IR (P 0.005, 34.85%) and improved lipids profile and anthropometric indices (P<0.05). Although Pearson correlation showed significant correlations between the primary concentrations of visfatin and primary levels of TG (P=0.044, r=0.720) and HDL-C (P=0.032, r= -0.750), no significant correlations existed between changes in visfatin levels and changes in none of variables assessed (P>0.05). Hence, changes in HOMA-IR had significant correlations with changes in weight (P=0.002, r=0.898), BMI (P=0.000, r=0.942) and waist circumference (P=0.002, r=0.906).

Endurance training reduces visfatin concentration and improves lipids profile and body composition in sedentary postmenopausal obese women.

The purpose of this study was the investigation effects of selected aerobic continues and noncontinues (interval) exercise program and comparison of this programs on HRR of POST CABG patients. Therefore, thirty three (30 men, 3 women with mean age: 58.33± 9.50 and mean BMI: 27.05±3.5 kg/m2) POST CABG patients were divided to a selected aerobic continues training, 30-60 min and intensity of 70– 85% of HR peak (AC, n=12) or an aerobic interval training with three interval (9- 15 min), 27-45 min and intensity of 75-90% of HR peak (AI, n=12 and a control group (C, n=9) three times a week for 8 weeks. Result showed, training-induced a positive significant differences in HRR (AC: pre: 13.58±8.45, post: 18.17±5.92, p=0.049), (AI: pre: 14.66±12.16, post: 22.33±8.59, p=0.033) (C: pre: 11.9±4.76, post: 12.50±13.87, p=0.279). In comparison of groups, there are a significant difference between groups after programs (p 0.30). Post hoc test (LSD) showed, there are a significant differences between AI and C groups (p=0.008) but not between AI and AC (p=0.207), and also AC and C groups (0.115). In summary this study indicates both continuous and interval exercise training program improves HRR in CABG patients, interval rather than continuous exercise training improves early HRR1, in men and women with coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

Animal and human studies indicated that overtension and stress, releasing the inflammation substance and growth factor being produced following exercise lead to satellite cell activation and proliferation. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight weeks of exercise activity and estrogen supplementation on the proliferation of satellite cells in rats.

Thirty-eight rats were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups as follows: 1- exercise activity (E), 2- Estrogen supplementation (ES), 3- exercise activity + Estrogen supplementation (EE), 4- control. Then, E and EE groups performed endurance exercise for 8 weeks, 3 sessions in each. In each week, ES and EE groups were implanted subcutaneously with 0.6 of Estrogen supplement. Soleus muscle was retracted and placed into 10% of Formalin. In a pathological lab, satellite cell numbers were counted and recorded using a light microscope through Hemotoxin Eosin staining and Immunohistochemistry for CD 56.

The results of one-way ANOVA indicated that the proliferation of satellite cells were differents on study groups. Exercise activity causes a 16% increase in satellite cell number in rats, while a 71% decrease in satellite cell number was observed in long term exercise activity plus estrogen supplementation group. Besides the research result indicated a 5 time increase in satellite cells in group received estrogen supplementation for long term.

estrogen may act in inflammation responses and skeletal muscle injuries as a consequence of unaccustomed exercise or other detrimental effects. Moreover, this research confirmed that estrogen supplementation effects on satellite cell proliferation in rats that it would appear that many different factors play a role in increase and proliferation of these cells, so it has been influenced by estrogen levels.

Plyometric exercises have been shown to increase strength and explosiveness in athletes participating. Aquatic exercises have been noted to have beneficial effects; however there has been little research conducted comparing plyometrics in a land-based and an aquatic-based setting.

Thirty three basketball players, (age, 19.39±0.99; weight, 82.36±9.4; BMI, 22.16±2.17) based on their vertical jump and training history were randomly divided into aquatic plyometric, land based plyometric, and control group. The six-week protocol for the experimental groups was conducted following aspecific program twice a week. three 3x3 factorial designs for vertical jump, dynamic balance and the illinois tests with two experimental groups and a control group, and two 2x4 factorial design for the DOMS test with two experimental groups.

suggested that the aquatic- and land-based groups significantly (p<0.05) outperformed the control group in the vertical jump. There were no significant diffrences among dynamic balance and agility performance for three group (p>0.5). For delay onset muscle soreness, there was a significant diffrence for the land by aquatic groups in the first and end week (P<0.05).

in conclusion, aquatic-based and land-based plyometric training has been shown similar effects on performance. Also aquatic therapy may help to decrease muscular soreness while performing exercises. However, more research needs to be conducted to determine the affects of plyometric training in the aquatic setting.

The main purpose of this study a comparison of the effects of Carbohydrate and Carbohydrate-Protein supplements on Performance and Selected Immune markers during intermittent soccer activities.

Towenty four soccer players of super clubs (age 20.48±4.7 year, height 165.5±7.1cm, weight 65.66±6.8 kg, BMI 20.77±1.68 (kg/m2), and Vo2max 63.4±4.62 ml. kg-1. min) selected and divaided into 3 groups as a carbohydrate (CHO), carbohydrate-protein (CHO-PRO) and placebo (P). Intermittent activities included 24 trials of modified Ekblom tests or activities of soccer simulation, that divaided in two parts. At the end of each trial to monitor intensity of activites, Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE), Borg scale and heart rat were checked. Subjects ingested drinks before, during and 1 hour after intermittent activities. CHO group 60g carbohydrate, group 60g carbohydrate+18g protein and Placebo group some Aspartame ingested in 1 liter water. Blood samples were collected before (baseline), immediately, 1 and 24 hour after intermittent activities. Immune cells, Cortisol hormone, C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin- 6 (IL-6) levels were measured each time.

The results showed significant differences in RPE at the end of the second part of the soccer simulation activites, IL-6 level, Leukocyte and Neutrophil counts, immediately and 1 hour after intermittent activities of CHO and CHO-PRO groups compared to placebo group (p 0.05). Any significant difference between CHO and CHO-PRO group was not. Also an increased in IL-6 level, Cortisol, Leukocyte, Neutrophil and Lymphocyte counts immediately and 1 hour after intermittent activities and CPR from 24 hours after intermittent activities in CHO-PRO, CHO and P compared to baseline.

The results of this study indicate that acute ingestion of carbohydrate with additional protein before, during and 1 hour after intermittent activities of soccer simulation does not attenuate Immune markers and RPE than when the carbohydrate was ingested alone. Although, both CHO-PRO and CHO groups compared to P group decrease in RPE and positive alternation at some Immune markers were observed.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks walking on inflammatory factors in postmenopausal women with breast cancer.

nineteen postmenopausal women with breast cancer with range age of 50 to 65 years (55.05±2.7) who received surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy with current hormone therapy by letrozol were randomly divided into two groups; (Control:8, experimental:11).Subjects in the experimental group were performed 12 weeks exercise training program which consisted of 25 to 45 minutes of walking with intensity of %45 -%65 of THR, three times a week. The control group did not participate in exercise training. In pre and post tests, CRP, IL-6, TNF-, anthropometric variables (body weight, BMI, WHR), body fat percentage and Vo2peak were measured in both groups. Data were analyzed through analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and t test (P<0.05).

The results of this study showed that Vo2peak, body weight and BMI had significant differences between the experimental and control groups, after 12 weeks (P<0.05). There is no significant differences between CRP, IL-6, TNF-, WHR and body fat percentage, in both groups (P>0.05). After 12 weeks, body weight was decreased in the experimental group and was increased in control group; BMI was decreased in the experimental group and was increased in control group. Also, VO2peak was increased in the experimental group and was decreased in control group.

It can be concluded that 12 weeks walking there have no effect on inflammatory factors in postmenopausal women with breast cancer, but may improve VO2peak, body weight and BMI.

Increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines via exercise training is one of methods proposed to reducing chronic inflammation. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of 10 weeks intensive aerobic training on plasma anti-inflammatory cytokines and their relationships with testosterone hormone and body composition in young men.

Twenty sedentary men (age, 20-30 yr), volunteers to participant in the study, that randomly divided to two groups of control (n=9) and aerobic training (n=11). At baseline and after 5 and 10 weeks from intervention concentrations of plasma IL-4, IL-10 and testosterone with ELISA method, and body fat percent, waist to hip ratio (WHR), and body mass index (BMI) were measured. Aerobic training programme included 30 min cycling on ergometer at 70% maximal heart rate, and this was then as progressive changed to 50 min at 80% maximal heart rate in weeks 10.

One-way ANOVA with repeated measures, indicated that aerobic training increased VO2max (P=0.00), and decreased body fat percent (P=0.04), but concentrations of plasma IL-4 (P=0.37), IL-10 (P=0.34), testosterone (P=0.87), WHR (P=0.44) and BMI (P=0.50) not changed. Pearson’s correlation indicated that no relationships were between changes in IL-4 and testosterone (R=-0.50), body fat percent (R=0.48), WHR (R=-0.41) and BMI (P=0.37) in addition, changes in IL-10 and testosterone (R=0.10), body fat percent (R=0.55), WHR (R=-0.32) and BMI (P=0.52) after intensive aerobic training (Pı0.05).

These results indicated that, 10 weeks intensive aerobic training has no significant effect on baseline anti-inflammatory cytokine concentrations in sedentary young men.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of aerobic continuous and interval training and detraining on myocardial adaptations.

Twenty male none- athlete students were volunteered and divided randomly into aerobic continuous (n= 10) and aerobic interval group (n=10). Subjects participated in an 8-week running program (3 day/week, at 70% HRmax). Continuous group ran continuously 45 min and interval group ran five nine- min periods with a four– min inactive rest between the work periods. After 8-week of training, subjects completed 4-week detraining. Paired sample t-test was used for analyzing data.

Using echocardiography, no significant difference was found in EDD, ESD, %FS, %EF, PWT, LA, AO, HR, SBP and DBP after 8-week continuous and interval training compared to before training (P>0.05), but a significant difference was found in IVS (p<0.05). No significant difference was found in EDD, ESD, %FS, %EF, PWT, LA, AO, HR, SBP and DBP after 4-week detraining compared to 8-week continuous and interval training (P>0.05), but a significant difference was found in IVS (p<0.05).

Aerobic continuous and interval training and detraining can affect on myocardial adaptations equally.

The purpose of this study was to investigate some of the hematological factors during preparation and competition periods in elite volleyball players.

Twelve elite volleyball players participating in Super League (experimental group) (age 25.8±6.5, height 191.0±8.2, weight 88.2± 8.2) and 12 healthy sedentary subjects (age 23.7±3.7, height 180.2±7.7, weight 74.6± 12.1) (control group) participated in the study. The experimental group performed a preparation training program including physical fitness, motor fitness and skill training for eight weeks, as well as another 8 weeks of training including a period of volleyball competitions and routine trainings for maintaining fitness; while the control group had no regular physical training. For measuring all hematological variables (PLT, MCV, MCHC, MCH, HB, HCT, RBC, WBC, MON %) subjects attended the physiology lab and three blood samples (6 ml) were taken pre-training, after 8 weeks of training and at the end of competition period.

Data analysis revealed that RBC, HCT, HB, MCV, MCH, WBC, MON%, and PLT values were not significantly different in the three measuring points in experimental group. In addition, there were no significant differences in all of the above variables between the two groups. MCHC values at the end of training were significantly different from the pre- and mid training periods in experimental group.

Based on the findings of the present study it could be concluded that a period of preparation training as well as a training period and competitions in Iranian super league has no effect on resting levels of hematological parameters (Blood cells count).

The purpose of study was to examine the comparison of an eccentric exercise effect on some inflammatory responses between athletes and non-athletes male students. Twelve athlete (age 17.58±0.51 y, weight 71.17±7.88 kg, height 1.79±0.1 m, BMI 22.32±2.6, FAT% 12.54±2.95) and twelve non athletes (age 17.42±0.51 yrs, weight 60.08±7.32 kg, height1.74±0.05 m, BMI 19.73±2.36, FAT% 11.4±2.98). Male students were participated in exercise program performed 50 maximal eccentric actions of the elbow flexor muscles of the non-dominant arm. Blood samples were taken in 3 phase (before, 0.5 and 24 h after exercise) and were analyzed for determination of damage and some inflammatory responses(C- reactive Protein (CRP), C3 and C4 Complement). Data were analyzed by SPSS (13) and Excel 2007 software.

results have shown that strength eccentric training induces significant increase in serum CRP, C3 and C4 in athlete and non athlete male students. It appear that one strength eccentric training in athletes and non-athletes male students can be induced damage and stressor factor of immune system in young students. Therefore this programs just use for young people with caution.