فصلنامه مسکن و محیط روستا
پیاپی 142 (تابستان 1392)

While concentrating on rural and urban residential architecture in Iran during various periods and studying different models of houses, we can recognize some elements as basic and skeletal parts. It seems as if although this architecture has changed and evolved during prolonged years, its skeletal and main parts have been remained and common fundamental elements have made building’s figure; courtyards, atriums, iwans, vestibules and breezeways are some of these elements each of which has various roles. Some aspects of these roles are in correlation with other parts and some relate to the function of the element itself. One of these elements which may be seen in lots of residential (or non-residential)buildings in urban and rural textures is “Jelo Khan”. “jelo khan” is a place in front of some buildings’ entrances which usually is surrounded from three sides. As the first step of hierarchy of entering the building, it provides a place for entering, gathering, moving and understanding the building. In buildings such as mosques, houses, inns and even bazaars, this architectural element has various roles in the fields of behavior, social relationships, sanctum definition, creating correlation between indoors and outdoors as well as respecting user’s eminence and avail. Unfortunately, today in new buildings, attendance of this effective element of vernacular architecture has been omitted or decreased. In some places where is built, it does not have appropriate role because of formal or substantial defects. This paper aims to present and recognize this element in residential vernacular architecture of Iran. It also points its place in skeletal texture as well as its role in behavior and social relationships. We have tried to study forms and functions as well as qualitative effects of this architectural element on the environment. We aimed to recognize its role through this study. It has been eased by delving in written references, as well as comparison and analyzing available instances and accessing meanings from their hearts. In this paper “Jelo Khans” are divided to three categories due to their area and their role in social relationships. Then elements and characteristics of each category have been studied. Doors, frontispiece, stoops and porches are elements some of which could be seen in all types while others are just available in third group. After that the role of“Jelo Khan“in houses and residential architecture of Iran is analyzed. This role is in the fields such as correlation between indoors and outdoors, hierarchical access, building apprehension and social relationships. It is hoped that by recognizing and appropriate analyzing of such worthy elements in our vernacular architecture, we could move forward to upgrade contemporary residential architecture of Iran.

Earthen architecture is found all around the word and usage of building techniques. Architectural richness and various building cultures in it are noticeable. The broad and huge capacity of earthen architecture from the far past until today, have provided the ability for construction and building various types of bewailing's and shelters such as rural houses, palaces, religious building and etc. in the same way construction of complete city with earthen material. In this case, Iran is also considered one of the oldest countries which have used earthen architecture, the method which unfortunately has been forgotten for many years in contemporary architecture, and revival and recognition of it can provide us valuable lessons responding to our contemporary needs in the field of earthen architecture. Simple yet outwardly assumed banal techniques in traditional architecture could provide many technical and practical applications which could be studied and assessed further by the scholars. Therefore, a survey of these practical aspects of earthen structures, based on the local architectural know-how in the South of Khorasan, and their potential efficiencies in conservation and restoration of other earthen structures, is the focus of this paper. First and foremost, the main architectural resources in any region seem to be the local architects of these places. This is because the indigenous know-how of the local architects may lead them through the intricacies of the change in the used materials caused by the climatic and geological features regarding the constructional details. The problem is that as long as this local knowledge is not recorded anywhere except in the minds of the local architects, the general knowledge of this filed is gradually fading away and we seem to be moving towards losing this invaluable type of information. To deal with this problem this study intends to contribute to preserve parts of this knowledge and pass it forward through having had many of these local veteran architects directly interviewed. With this intention, through field studies some questionnaires were rectified and these survey forms have been given to eight of the most experienced local architects in this region. Analyzing the results of this study has been carried out within an applied-developmental research type relying on a combined method (descriptive, Geodesic, field research). Moreover, the contextual qualitative analysis of the results is presented as recommendations for conservation and restoration of earthen structures. It is valuable to say that these recommendations that have been presented here topically are in direct relationship with the result of interviews and the results are tried to classified and categorized in the fields of conservation and restorations. Eventually, according to the results, the lessons of vernacular architecture and important part of them such as experiences of traditional vernacular architects, have the capacity to be upgraded for contemporary restoration measures and can provide useful and practical recommendations that bringing them to attention will cause guaranty and live of restoration and conservation measures.

The issue of ownership of land and buildings in different periods of Iranian history has left a great impact on rural communities, but with implementation of document issuance project of rural places ownership is hoped to the turmoil at least in rural areas reduced to skeletal tissue. With a long history of residence in the study area context switching within the Iranian plateau from the decade of 2000 saw the implementation and its impact on the lives of villagers. The purpose of this research, studying the social and economic impacts of document issuance project of rural places ownership in the Eghlid County is. Methods In this study is applied from the goal and research in terms of descriptive - analytical. Statistical study of ten villages with 3270 households is that based on Cochrane formula 247 questionnaires in systematic random method in the region has been collected. Findings showed that a relatively good relationship between document issuance project of rural places ownership and issued on the social and economic dimensions at the rural area. Intensity factor of document issuance project of rural places ownership on social change in villager's life is equal to 0.309 and indicating that to variable parameters of document issuance project of rural places ownership 31% changes in the social aspects of rural life is explained. Accordingly, variable of increasing investment in villages, strongest predictor of changes in social aspects of rural life will be 35 percent effective. In other words, the effect of document issuance project of rural places ownership, rural housing and estates to be established the property, an underlying increase investment in rural areas, and in consequence of that volume social changes will increase in rural life. On the other hand, document issuance project of places by the coefficient regression model only explains 25% of variation in the economic dimensions of rural life. Accordingly, the effect of increasing investment in rural variable is 32.5% and then get into real estate and economic cycles 27.6% on variation in the economic dimensions of rural life will be. Causality test based on LISREL, document issuance project of rural places ownership have a direct effect 0.32 is on the economic dimension of rural life. According to the findings, strategies include exemption of cost of implementation program for certain social classes, compliance requirement of coordination between Guidance plans revised and document issuance project, providing a comprehensive database of rural property, facilitate trading in bank loans by the relevant agencies, management it's by Dehyar and modify the cost of issuing the document in villages with respect to the price of rural real estate, etc. has been suggested.

Abstract One of the most important structural elements in the development of rural residential areas in support of the poor and reduction of rural vulnerability can be a special attention that should be paid to physical aspects of human social, economic and environmental activities. Nowadays, rural guide plan as the first national comprehensive effort for organizing our country’s villages is counted as the most important tool for rural development management. Rural guide plan is one of the rural development projects that can have a fundamental role in an integrated development of rural areas. Conductor design with the aim to provide context and guidance rural revitalization in terms of social, economic, physical and environmental justice by providing appropriate facilities, It is intended to provide well-suitable for villagers While this is a positive and lasting impact on the project, there is serious doubt In some rural areas have no adverse impact to the satisfaction of the villagers has. Thus, satisfaction of the villagers and the factors that are influential in this regard is very important. In this regard, the main purpose of this study was analysis factors analysis associated with villager’s satisfaction of guide plan in Diwandareh County (Kurdistan Province). The statistical population of this study consisted of all was villagers households gharagol village of Diwandareh county. Using Cochran's formula 81 households by simple random sampling method were selected. The research has been carried out based on descriptive-analytical method and the data has been gathered by questionnaire. The main instrument of the study was a questionnaire which its validity was confirmed by a panel of experts and its reliability was established by calculating Cronbach Alpha Coefficient (α>0.7). Data were analyzed by SPSSWin18 software in two parts of descriptive and inferential statistics. Results showed that the satisfaction of the majority (86.5%) of villagers toward of Guide Plan was low and moderate. In addition, factor analysis, three factors: “create Interest to the village”, “Effects of physical” and “creation sub-employment in village” identified as the effects of guide plan. Results of correlation analysis showed that there was positive and significant relationship between of the majority of existing components in guide plan with villagers satisfaction of its. Finally, based on the results of the study, in order to improve the effects of rural guide plan on social, economic, physical and environmental aspects of rural areas, a number of recommendations and guidelines for rural development managers, planners and policy makers were presented.

The subject of house is complex and spans a wide range of dimensions. It must be found as a comfort and rest- giving place for its residents. In recent years, the Iranian architecture and lifestyle has been confronted with modern international urbanism and transformed the dwellings of Iran into unacceptable situation, this is in contrast with the Iranian culture and values. The shrinkage of the design layout in the current Iranian compact dwellings therefore, has threatened the appropriate level of privacy. One of the most important aspects of designing internal spaces is the amount of privacy in architecture design. Studying the matter of bounds and privacy in house is not a novel subject. On the contrary it draws people attention all over the world and particularly in Iran. However the establishment of conditions suitable for privacy of people is encountered with some change. This can be attributed to social alterations. Boundary does not create privacy but only a separation. It creates an aura of privacy and stops others from being raped. In this article, to understand the privacy in the housing BDSR model is suggested. This model is based on four defined spatial privacy including barrier, depth, step and ring. Method of research is descriptive - analytical and case studies of traditional and contemporary homes in the city of Yazd are done. The research analyzed, and compared the spatial quality of contemporary houses with traditional houses based on their response to privacy. Quantitative methods of data analysis will be done using an analytical model. Comparative study made between two types of traditional and contemporary accommodation represents a significant development in contemporary housing space in privacy. This change, which is expanding day by day and the dimensions of the space, is a problem why is the identity crisis of contemporary housing. However, this led to the emergence of multiple identities with different rates in the country has been affected. The discussion can be recreated as a beginning for space to be used in contemporary housing. The recreation of space based on the arrangements of traditional architecture was suggested through the strategy of introducing flexible elements and spaces.