Iranian Journal of War and Public Health
Volume:5 Issue: 20, 2013

Respiratory tract complications are considered as one of the most serious long-term effects of sulfur mustard (SM). Immune responses and inflammatory mediators seem to play the primary role in clinical complications. IL-22 - a member of IL-10 family of cytokines - has important role in various pulmonary clinical situations. In this study، the association between serum levels of IL-22 and long term pulmonary complications in SM exposed population was assessed. This study was conducted on 219 seriously sulfur mustard lung injured and 54 unexposed healthy controls. The clinical evaluations and Spirometry were done for all patients. Severity of pulmonary involvement was assessed by the classification of medical committee of veteran’s affair. The exposed subjects were categorized into two major subgroups [sever (n=142) and mild-moderate (n=57)] based on spirometry findings. 2 ml of peripheral blood was drawn into vacutainer tubes; the sera were separated and kept frozen at −70 °C until laboratory tests. Human IL-22 DuoSet® ELISA Development Kits (R&D Systems) were used to measure the IL-22 levels in the sera. There were no significant differences between the serum level of IL-22 in the SM exposed participants and the control group، and no differences was found between the groups with sever and mild-moderate lung complications. However، there were a significant correlation between serum levels of IL-22 and age. Although there were no significant differences in the serum levels of IL-22 in the SM exposed participants compared to the control group، but this finding doesn’t roll out the role of IL-22 in pathogenesis of long term respiratory complications of sulfur mustard، because it may have local significant changes in lung. Therefore، locally assessment of IL-22 would be valuable.

Rehabilitation consists of practices to reduce disability effect and help to Independence of individuals. The aim of this study is evaluation of the knowledge about Rehabilitation Sciences in medical students (internship term) of Hamedan University of Medical Sciences. It was a descriptive and cross-sectional study. The knowledge of 98 medical students (internship term) assessed by questionnaire. There were 3 question groups: a) the centers are provided rehabilitation services, b) the disorders that are relevant to each rehabilitation sciences, c) the medical specialists that contact to rehabilitation therapists. Mean scores of Findings about knowledge of rehabilitation centers was 32.02 from total 64, about rehabilitation relevant disorders 71.6 from total 113, and in the field of medical specialists related to rehabilitation therapists was 40.87 from total 66. In addition, the result of this study showed that 40.95% and 10% of students received their information about rehabilitation respectively via "teachers and colleagues" and " courses". Also, findings about reliability show that this questionnaire has optimal reliability. As a whole, the results indicated that the knowledge about Rehabilitation Sciences in Medical Students of Hamedan University of Medical Sciences is not sufficient. As for role of medical team in referral of patients, so it's necessary to inform them in different field of rehabilitation by appropriate ways (pamphlet, software, workshop and/or course).

Sulfur mustard is a vesicant agent has been used During the Iran-Iraq War as a war expedient. One of the most important tissues involved in SM-induced injury are lung and airway. At present, about 40 thousand chemical casualty of war are suffering from pulmonary lesions caused by sulfur mustard.Airway remodeling is the main pathological finding in these patients that associated with pre-bronchial fibrosis and classified in COPD. Whereas nearly two decades of research have suggested that TGF-β plays a central role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis by promoting the activation, proliferation, and differentiation of epithelial cells and collagen-producing myofibroblasts. In this study, the gene expressions of TGF-β in normal and exposed airway epithelial cells compared and analyzed. Cell line of human lung epithelial maintained in RPMI and incubated at 37◦ humidified atmosphere of 5% Co2. Then Near-confluent culture were used for sulfur mustard exposure in different dose and time. The cells viability evaluated by MTT test for different micromoles of sulfur mustard. After RNA extraction and DNA synthesis, expression of TGF-β variants was assayed using RT-PCR our finding revealed that expression levels of TGF-βs variant In exposed epithelial cells with sulfur mustard in comparison with control samples have meaningful difference. TGF-β1 and TGF-β2 genes expression were observed in exposed cells higher than control group. it was suggested that TGF-β pathway might be involved in the processes of airway remodeling and could be a good target for gene therapy.

in normal walking, repetitive vertical ground reaction forces are tansformed on musculo-skeletal system. Magnitude of force during impact is major contributor to overuse injuries. Purpose of thisstudy was the evaluate to effect of standard and positive posterior heel flare at orthopedic shoe on vertical ground reaction forces during walking in healthy subjects. 30 healthy adults (12 male, 18 female) participated in this study. Subjects walked along an8-mwalkway in two different conditions: orthopedic shoe with standard heel and orthopedic shoe with positive posterior heel flare. Vertical ground reaction force data collected in initial stance phases of walking using Kistler force plate. results of this study showed significant reduction in impact force in orthopedic shoe with positive posterior heel flare compared with the orthopedic shoe with standard heel (p˂0.0001). No differences between conditions were observed in impact force time and first peak of vertical force. time of First peak of vertical force showed significant increasing in orthopedic shoe with positive posterior heel flare compared with the orthopedic shoe with standard heel(p˂0.05). loading rate showed significant reduction in orthopedic shoe with positive posterior heel flare compared with the orthopedic shoe with standard heel(p˂0.05). using positive posterior heel flare reduce the impact force and loading rate that could be due to its flexibility and impact absorption of this heel during walking. because of complication of these loads on lower limb specially in early phase of walking we could use of this type of flare for some of the patient with special orthopedic disease.

Nowadays air travel is one of the most popular traveling as its advantages. A disabled should commute easily, so Facilitation of air traveling is vital. A disabled needs various services which depends on travel steps. These needs should have supported by travel agencies and airport staffs. Therefore, planners must be considering not only physical environment but also well services. This paper is a step by step guideline of air travel for disabled which is adjusted on different steps of air travel. First, it represents guides for facilitation, organization and presentation of services during a travel to disabled. Second, Mehr- Abad airport have been chosen as a case study for adjusting these guidelines. Latter, popular facilities of air travels are represented. Moreover, opportunities and weaknesses of disabled facilitation at Mehr- Abad airport are evaluated. In this article the research method is qualitative and based on a data gathering and field observation.

many peoples such as chemical veterans due to exposing in chemical gas may be having a dysfunction in their respiratory systems which disrupt daily activity. The purpose of this research was the relationship between job satisfaction and mental health in chemical veterans of Golestan province. for this purpose, 125 chemical veterans were selected from Golestan’s veterans as samples. In this study, two questionnaires were used to evaluate veterans: Wysocki & Kromm job satisfaction, Goldberg mental health questionnaire. These tests were used to analyze data: K-S test to determine normality of data, Descriptive Statistics, The Pearson’s correlation coefficient, ANOVA test and LSD Post hoc test at level (p ≥ 0.05). The results of Pearson’s test showed that there is a positive significant relation between mental health in chemical veterans (p=0.001, r=0.3). Also, the result of the research about the difference between job satisfaction and mental health according to chemical veterans’ education degrees showed that there is a significant difference only in job satisfaction based on education degree. The results showed a positive significant relation between job satisfaction and mental health in chemical veterans. Therefore the study recommends that there should be more attention to chemical veterans’ job satisfaction, which will help to improve the mental health of these people.

Socket is a mechanical coupling between residual limb and the prosthesis. The Lower limb prosthesis function is highly influenced by the quality of this coupling. Furthermore, the residual limb volume fluctuation compromise the prosthetic socket fit and hence the amputee’s function. To examine the effect of ’bad’ and ‘good’ socket fit conditions on amputees’ performance-based parameters. Method & Materials: 25 unilateral trans-tibial amputees were recruited. They were asked to answer SCS, TAPES, LCI5 questionnaires for the ’bad’ socket fit condition. Following change to a new socket they were asked to fill in the questionnaires again providing that they had been regularly using the prosthesis for at least two weeks and satisfied with the socket fit. At this stage, 11 volunteers were excluded due to dissatisfaction with the new socket fit. The differences between variable relating to the performance of the candidates in ’bad’ and ’good’ socket fit conditions were not statistically significant. However, there was a statistically significant increase in the SCS in favour of ‘good’ socket fit condition. Lack of differences between two conditions could be explained by amputees taking a compensatory mechanisms in ’bad’ socket fit condition to avoid a massive reduction in their functional capabilities. Reduction in sport activities restrictions (related to the TAPES questionnaire), and increase in advanced activities (related to the LCI5 questionnaire) are examples of the positive influences of improvement in socket fit.

Tinnitus is the perception of sound in the absence of an auditory stimulus and it is a common symptom in hearing system disorders. Chronic form affecting 5 to 15% of general population and in 1 to 3% of the population، it cause severe impairment of quality of life. Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) effects on tinnitus have been evaluated in recent decades and has been shown that rTMS treatments may improve tinnitus symptoms. In this study the effects of Burst rTMS on patients with chronic tinnitus have been investigated. The study was a clinical trial. 28 patients، including 4 women (14. 3%) and 24 men (85. 7%) were treated with Burst rTMS in 4 sessions and severity of tinnitus was evaluated with visual analog scale before، after and on month after treatment. the severity of tinnitus significantly reduced after treatment and one month later، with statistically significant difference (P value=0. 001). According to the results of treatment including reducing the intensity of tinnitus with statistically significant difference and lasting effects even after one month of treatment، Burst rTMS can be considered as an effective treatment.