نشریه پژوهشهای سیاسی جهان اسلام
سال دوم شماره 4 (پیاپی 5، زمستان 1391)

Philosophical thought, especially in its political form, began with the Al_Farabi more than thousand years ago in the Islamic world but affirmatively, this kind of thought in the world of politics and political action has less results. The question is “what is the role of political philosophy in the evolutions of the present Islamic world?” Evaluating the political-philosophical texts in the Islamic world revealed that there are two main definitions for individual:  “philosophical” individual and “civil” individual. While in this approach the philosophical individual is the main focus but the civil individual has been known as the main origin of democratic movement. 
The pivotal role of philosophical individual in philosophical thought has caused that concepts which could have produce democratic movement, cannot be developed and even this method of thinking, negatively, was a barrier for it. Emphasizing on civil individual rather than philosophical individual has brought a sort of philosophical seclusion, resulted that the philosopher leaves cities for achieving happiness in isolation.
Therefore, it can concluded that , philosophical thought in the Islamic world lessens the concept of individual to philosophical individual which, due to having the exclusive characteristic in understanding and arguing, has always been an essential barrier for cooperative activities (in recent decades the democratic behavior). However in order to achieve cooperative activities and going through a democratic way, there is need to challenge this kind of philosophical thought.

Cultural diplomacy, became the focus of states and Intchr('39')l activists after passing through bipolar hegemonic world system. Turkey By taking into consideration its cultural potentials and assets as well as recent developments in Intchr('39')l arena after soviet disintegration,  found it proper to develop and provide its cultural diplomacy.
The Turkey state, through recognition, contextualization and making policies on overall and universal cultural elements, has been trying to enhance its penetration and soft power into Intchr('39')l and regional interactions while using it as its 4th pillar of foreign policy in accordance with its political-economical interests.
Present paper by employing ideas of Joseph Nye, regarding to cultural diplomacy, is aimed to sketch and interpret the  patterns of cultural diplomacy of Turkey in two structural and administrative aspects, specifically under AK party, and  assess its feedback in the realm of political-economical ties along with  its effect on Turkeychr('39')s regional and world prestige.

This research is aim to evaluate the role of friendship associations in development of cultural diplomacy.
So first it describes the role of culture in internal relations and foreign diplomacy. This paper by considering the transitional throeies and soft power theory tries to discuss  the role  of the NGOs as the civilized establishments (Foundations) on the international relations. at present.
The main research question was to what extent Friendship associations could be effective in development of the cultural diplomacy? Hence in order to answer itsurvey technique by using questionnaire to collecting the data was employed. 
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Findings revealed that  the main obstacle  was subjective matters and then objective matters such as facilities.  Based on respondents suggestion providing more opportunity of associations such as fund and grant projects was the solution to empower the association and may resulted in balancing between governmental and non-governmental sectors in state cultural diplomacy.

Development is one of the most important concepts for countries, especially for developing countries in the Third World. Southeast Asian countries are among the countries that, as development-oriented states, could achieve an optimal and high development by adopting appropriate political-economic policies. Malaysia, especially from the time of the Prime Minister Mahatyr Muhammad, was able to achieve a high development and become modern Malaysia and this development is still ongoing. The research question is that what factors and policies led to the rapid development in Malaysia, particularly from the 1980s onwards? The findings of this study suggest that the Malaysian government achieved rapid economic development and could reach to a high level of all-round development and has become a model for other  developing countries in the Third World by establishing a development-oriented state and adopting the policies such as industrialization, privatization, export development, economic stability, foreign investment, being influenced by the Japanese development model, knowledge-based economy, national technology development, management and governmental decision-making, enhancing economic efficiency, economic planning, national development of communications and information technology and so on. It seems that the Malaysian government has played the most important role in Political-Economic development of  the country. The modern Malaysia, especially the Malaysia at  Prime Minister Mahatyr. M time, is a good example of a development-oriented state affirmative action. To answer this research question, descriptive - analytic study is utilized.

Religion being raised  in the  international relations in recent decades. While religion has been known as an important issue  in  cultural diplomacy for decades, but it has engaged in new approaches recently. This article is aim  to evaluate the role of religion in the Saudi Arabiachr('39')s cultural diplomacy. Moreover the study has focused on the efficiency of Muslim World League (MWL) in the context of Saudi Arabiachr('39')s cultural diplomacy using Eytan Gilboachr('39')s models. Findings indicated that some reasons such as  locating the holy cities of Mecca and Medina in Saudi Arabia, historic conditions of  the country and also political competitions have led Saudi Arabia to focus on religion in its cultural diplomacy. In this regard MWL play an important role in  Saudichr('39')s cultural diplomacy success.

Islamophobia, as an inclusive discourse in the relationship between the West and the Islamic w plays a prominent role in shaping various processes which all arise from a particular basis that is projecting a frightening image of Islam. The origin  of such a phobia can be traced back to the  Christians approach to  Islam during Crusades. Islam has been redefined as the “enemy” in western countries’ foreign policy. certainly, media, as the most important tool to influential public opinion, played a significant role in projecting this image and expanding such  discourse. Thus, Islamophobia must be considered as an inclusive   discourse in the relation with West’s policies about Islam. The present article is intended to answer th question of how  Islamophobia, through backgrounding and foregrounding mechanisms, been transformed to a dominant discourse? In this respect, the process of emergence and solidification of Islamophobia and the way signs have been articulated were scrutinized by the Laclau and Mouffe discourse theory. The innovative aspect of this study was the theoretical and analytical scrutiny of how Islamophobia has become hegemonic as a result of dual processes of foregrounding and backgrounding mechanisms.

Constructivism theory by employing a humanistic vision to issues has provided the  the opportunity of considering the special characters of human in political studies.  Therefore factors such as identity, benefits, purposes, intentions, and many other issues  found important role in  security Studies. Ontological Security employed this approach to  security matters. This theory seeks to clarify the irrational conflicts while proposes new research trend toward global stability. After Islamic revolution of Iran, the Iran identity complications with other countries in the Persian Gulf region increased. Meanwhile there were huge efforts against Iran  which resulted in instability and lack of trust between regional countries.  . Hence, Islamic revolution of Iran is considered as a threat to the ontological security of the countries of the region.