نشریه جغرافیا و توسعه فضای شهری
سال یکم شماره 1 (پیاپی -3، بهار و تابستان 1392)

One of main goals of urban officials is encouraging and promoting social participation among citizens. This is so، because both reduce costs and can be a base for self-fulfillment and empowerment among citizens. But، like other actions، measuring participative actions has some difficulties. The main difficulty is about measuring that part of social action which occurs in actor’s mind. This part of action، in this paper is conceptualized by participative orientations. Participative orientations are measured، and based on that، actors are assigned to different categories. To measure participative orientations، two hypothetical situations are defined for respondents. Then they were asked to decide between two choices in these situations: Giving admonition to people to who blemish public buses، and separating garbage at home. Using Parsonian pattern variables، for each of these two، five questions were designed، which had a dichotomous answer. The answers were analyzed and grouped to reach different combinations of social participation. Gradually four types of social participation were differentiated: Affective-instrumental participation (44. 1%)، instrumental-value related participation (10. 6%)، value related participation (25. 6%)، instrumental participation (19. 7%). This research shows that the main character of participation among residents is instrumentality. This would be a base for planning for encouraging people for social participation according to their orientations.

The issue of urban decline in city centers and horizontal expansion of the city and its consequences is a challenge in sustainable development of the cities. In this regard، new approaches were shaped to define career planning، urban design and urban environmental quality concerns in New-urbanism pattern. The critical approach to modern urban pattern was formed based on scattered، non-human and machine، with special emphasis on the role of man in contemporary urban spaces. This approach is based on applying the principles of traditional urbanism in the age of postmodernism. The present study introduces new-urbanism approach towards creating enhanced urban environment which is of great importance in modern urban development in the context of sustainable development goals. For this purpose، we used the principles of new urbanism including mixed use، diversity of housing، smart transportation and walkability for qualitative evaluation of Azadshahr district of Mashhad metropolitan city. The implementation of Modern urban planning in the last decades for Mashhad due to low quality of life in this city، lack of attention to mental health needs and social factors resulted in degradation of the life quality of citizens in the studied district. The Ddevelopments in life scales with attention to environment and new urban planning values in recent years has been resulted in substantial changes in urban design at the study area.

Construction of large commercial complexes in residential land-use (RLU) or green space land-use (GSLU) areas in the metropolitan centers of the country is growing more every day. Expansion of such complexes has different influences where one of the most important consequences is on the transportation side. In this study، the transport related effects of a specific land-use change will be investigated based on its location. The theoretical basis of this research is urban smart growth theory. The research method is descriptive - analytical study. Setting traffic indicators in normal conditions and their estimation in case of change to commercial land-use (CLU) have been simulated by employing Comprehensive Transport Data Bank (CTDB) of Mashhad city and a computerized simulating method. The results revealed that the effects of changing in land-use are related to its location in the city and also to the presence or lack of Mass Public Transport Systems (MPTS). In general، the transformation of RLU and GSLU to CLU in inner layer of the city causes fall in transport indicators while resulting is rise of them in outer layers. The differences are more noticeable for scenarios defined in presence of MPTS. This transformation is causing some cost-effective influences regarding transport and traffic indicators that have been estimated at the final section of this study.

Important and necessary phase in identifying the public transport system has survey and analysis of system ability in reply to existence demand and determine the its functional characters. The optimal control of a public transport system required to analytic studies for identifying the characteristics of system in before، during and after implementation phases. In this article، the efficiency components of Tabriz BRT system has evaluated in the base of four major factors: land use، foot accessibility، population density and speed of buses in the way by using spatial analysis methods in Arc/GIS. Then; demand of travel has been compared with existing possibilities of system. Finding of research show that the BRT of Tabriz have some difficulties such as few adapted of its way with existence of around land use، limited the use of system service to some of residences in the near of BRT ways، non-suitability of ways and decreasing of speed and increasing of length of trip and finally it cannot covered many of urban districts in north-west and south –west of city. thus it need to rearrangement and developed in parallel axis’s for better services in Tabriz.

Green space that makes up part of the city landscape. The real issue is one of the first things that people will always be in contact with it. The concept of environmental aspects، social، cultural، economic and physical. Therefore، in this study، management tools and strategic actions in the development of parks and green spaces of Tabriz Municipality of green space has been investigated. The first task، goals، mission statement، vision، organization، and… Have been identified. Then by using these tools، strengths and weaknesses، opportunities and threats of the SWOT matrix are given. The results of this study indicate that it is in the park position، are invasive. Subsequent to the formation of internal and external factors are the matrix and the matrix of QSPM. The most important strategy to improve areas of green space strategy is utilized in order to increase quality. In between، there are skilled and experienced in the Park Also important to the process of scientific and research landscape in the allocation of IRR funds for development projects And research projects of the municipality with the opportunity to support citizens NGOs and the topic of green space and areas for In order to develop the institutions of government and industrial landscape of this strategy is the most important objective approach.

Urban green spaces and parks are important land use of cities which promote quality of life by providing facilities for leisure and also play a crucial role in social cohesion and participation due to their socio-economic and environmental functions. Hence the distribution of such spaces is very important in cities. However the zone of 3 in Tehran has a relative appropriate green space per capita but the zone lacks neighborhood parks and the existing parks are not well distributed regarding to population. The present research applied buffering and Tyson analysis to investigate the possibility of establishing new parks. The results showed that most of the adjacent land uses to the zone’s parks are compatible but there is not a logical relation between park location and the physical division of neighborhoods and also the distribution of parks has no accordance to population density so that the dense neighborhoods of 1، 5، 6 and 8 are without such parks.

The increasing of emigration from villages to cities and decreasing of services to villagers to afford of daily needs causes that they recourse to the cities especial in central business districts. It needs to spend much time and causes to increase the villagers’ costs. So in this article it have been tried to compare between the services centers for villagers in Zabol city and it have been tried to prioritize these centers. The method of the research is based on description-analysis، library studies، documents and field surveys. In this regard، a questionnaire has been made، and it has been delivered among the villagers who traffic in north-east entrance of Zabol city. In that questionnaire sanitary، educational، commercial and administrative services have been compared according to the three indicators including accessibility rate، dependency rate and accessibility cost. The results of the questionnaires have been analyzed through Topsis model. The results of that model have shown the hierarchy and priority of urban services in the entrances of Zabol city in this way: sanitary services takes the first rank، commercial services takes the second rank، administrative services takes the third rank and educational services takes the forth rank.