فصلنامه اخلاق زیستی
پیاپی 6 (زمستان 1391)

Moral development has been a noticeable social issue. The holy Quran as the most complete guiding book for humankind endorses deep teachings regarding morality. On the other hand because of importance of ethical issues, many theorists and philosophers have been trying to develop ethical and moral theories, according to their ideological and cultural back grounds. But most of them could not go beyond institutional life of human beings and failed to consider spiritual and motivational underpinnings of morality, which are deeply rooted in God creation and human nature. Although studying moral development in Quran view required a wide and deep reflection in various dimensions, this paper tries to open the discussion as an introduction for future works by analyzing the Kohlberg’s theory of moral development from Quran point of view. This is a review article, which is done using library and webbased sources and deriving relevant references. According to Quran, human beings pass through some stages during their lives. A similar step wised approach to moral development has been discussed in theories such as Kohlberg and Pageant’s. According to Kohlberg, steps and levels of moral development are fixed and unchangeable. In addition he mentioned that moral arguments and judgments are related to cognitive properties. But from Islamic and Quran viewpoint, moral regulations and principles are factual and abstract (Not-relative). Therefore in some dimensions views of western Theorists is completely different and even contradictory with Islamic tradition. One of These major differences is lack of a holistic approach to human moral development and lack of enough attention to spiritual and supererogatory moral ideals. The most important critique against Kohlberg’s theory is its relative weakness in explaining multi-dimensional nature of moral development because of its theoretical and experimental limitations. Using such western theories and instruments for evaluating moral development is not completely compatible with our religious and national culture. Although there are a number of works that try to explain moral development from Islamic (Shi’a) point of view, but very few works have used a comparative approach toward this issue. We recommend more detailed future studies about this issue.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between Islamic work ethic and organizational commitment and job satisfaction of nurses in Yazd province. The statistical population of this study included 1,300 nurses at public hospitals in Yazd. 190 nurses were randomly chosen. Data for this study were collected by questionnaire. Based on the nature this research is descriptivecorrelation. The results imply that between n Islamic work ethic and organizational commitment of nurses, there is a significant relationship but there is not significant relationship between job satisfaction and Islamic work ethic. While the role of organizational commitment is higher for forecast the variance of Islamic work ethic.

Islamic culture is compatible with the four medical ethics principles including: efficacy, non_ maleficence, personal authority and justice, but as many of western thinkers have indicated on functioning these principles, there are compatible definitions with those cultures. Islam has the comprehensive ethical principles which these four principles should be commented in that context. This current article is made upon the searched articles in search engines, valid scientific sites and referring to some source books. The usual medical ethics in western societies (and their cohorts) is made upon the secular pre hypothesis. This pre- hypothesis has different basics with those Islamic ones which can make a different function to the ethical matters. The ethical basics of Islam identify the ethics as an internal matter that could be only justified in theism. The human development has made an increasing development in the scope of medical ethics, so it is necessary to make fundamental steps for defining the topics. Different thinkers from philosophers to medical scientists are expected to think deeply on two aspects:1. The clear and proportional definition of philosophy of ethics in medical sciences.2. Defining the ethical framework for medics’ decision making in difficult situations and defining the restrictions and their applications. These two can’t be applied but with the interrelation of Hozah and University instructors.

Scientific progress is a significant basis for decision making in health, but the field also invests in value-laden concepts and responds daily to sociopolitical, cultural, and evaluative concerns. In low income countries, these systems face several challenges including underinvestment, lack of human capacity, and lack of public satisfaction, inadequate utilization and poor health outcomes. Ethics is anorganizational, development-oriented force that provides both methodological and motivational support to public-health practitioners and policy-makers. The objective of resource allocation is just decision making. Resource allocation in health is made in macro level (total health system), me so level (hospital) and micro level (individual patient). there are specific ethical challenges in every level. The characteristics of fair resource allocation in macro allocation are relevance, publicity, revision, enforcement and empowerment. The criteria of resource allocation in mesoallocation are mission, quality, efficiency, need and process. Ethical issues in micro allocation are justice and equity and autonomy. Nowadays there is a need to create a theory of resource allocation to be interdisciplinary, environmentbased and practical. The obvious and systematic survey of ethical issues in decision making process is essential.

In Normative ethics, two major theories, deontology and Consequentialism are against. These two theories in applied ethics, especially in medical ethics, because of this contrast, could answer many ethical questions and dilemmas in this field. Challenging issues in medical ethics can be pointed to two cases of abortion and brain death; deontological and consequential theories in response to these issues, suggest different solutions that evaluate and compare the two approaches in response to these issues will be required. This Article regarding the position of deontological and consequential theories in normative ethics, will be for moral issues of abortion and brain death, provide appropriate responses and with analysis and comparison of those responses, will be explored reasonability and credibility of each of these two theories in response to ethical issues and dilemmas.

The human being teachable, though apparently it seems obvious, it has always been faced with many challenges. Regardless of some theories about the impossibility of human education and evidence on their accuracy, the most important challenges facing human being teachable, is that his moral traits are hereditary. If we accept that moral traits transfer through heredity from one generation to another involuntarily like physical traits, every man has the temper unintentionally by which he behave. In this descriptive and library research we’ve attempted to discuss human being teachable and not being teachable principals after explaining the concepts, then we study the amount of heredity impact on human being teachable based on religious teachings. Data: Just as we will explain, although heredity theory and its impact on human has been stressed by religious leaders, there are verses and narratives that are witness for being hereditary of moral traits. These verses and narratives denote human inherent and institutionalized tendency towards values and moral virtues and his detestation from abnormalities and moral vices. So from point of view religion, the man is mankind that is teachable in all moral traits.