مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایلام
سال بیست و یکم شماره 7 (پیاپی 83، بهمن 1392)

Nowadays despite of socio-economic development of communities and controlling most of contagious diseases، Tuberculosis still is one of the most important causes of mortality and disability in developing countries. Regarding to importance and high incidence of TB in marginal provinces of Iran، the aim of this study was epidemiologic assessment of TB in Ilam province during 2005-2012.

In this descriptive - analytical and Cross-sectional study، Documents of all patients diagnosed with TB in the beginning of April 2005 to the end of the September 2012 were used. Demographic variables and other requisite data were recorded. Obtained data were analyzed by spss-16 software.

In this survey 361 TB patients were diagnosed. Of the total patients 42. 4% were male and 52. 6% lived in urban areas. Among these patients 76. 7 % were pulmonary TB and 23. 3% were non pulmonary TB. Among pulmonary TB suffering 76. 1% had positive sputum smear. the most involved member of non pulmonary TB patients was lymph nodes with 6. 9%. The time interval between the Beginning symptoms to diagnosis in 41% positive sputum smears was more than 2 moons. Discussion &

Due to the high rates smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis (76. 1%) and also the time interval more than 2 moons between the Beginning symptoms to diagnosis (41%) to prevent further transmission of TB and its control، public education، preventative measures and early screening recommended.

The main purpose of this investigation was study relationship among metacognitive beliefs، self- efficacy، optimism and exam anxiety in Mazandaran medical university. Other aims of this were study difference between two sexes in exam anxiety، metacognitive beliefs، self- efficacy and optimism. The sample of study included 207 students that selected with randomize cluster sampling and answered to Spielberger Exam Anxiety Inventory، short form of metacognitive questionnaire، Sherer self- efficacy inventory and revised form of Life Orientation Exam. Data was analyzed by stepwise regression، Pierson correlation and independent t-exam. There are positive significant relationship between dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs، positive beliefs about worry، Cognitive Self-consciousness and Cognitive Confidence. These factors with self- efficacy، optimism accounted for 27 present of the variation in the of exam anxiety. Moreover، the result showed that female exam anxiety and negative beliefs about thoughts uncontrollability was significantly greater from male but there were not any significant difference among other dysfunctional metacognitive beliefs and self- efficacy، optimism of two sexes. The result showed that metacognitive beliefes، self- efficacy and optimism have important role in exam anxiety; therefore these factors should be considered in educational and therapeutic actions for reduction exam anxiety.

It is not possible having a healthy promoted community without access to safe potable water. Drinking water for potable should be desirable in addition to chemical quality, It should be desirable as a Microbiological. Quality testing of water usually done based on detection of total coliform and fecal coliform. when water is transferred due to unsuitable conditions, from a reservoir to another, there is the possibility of secondary contamination that is for drinking water of public vehicles. In case of contaminated water, there is a serious risk in Spreading of Diseases transmission by water. With this aim, this study has been done about quality of drinking water In Buses of Yazd City Terminal. This Research is a Sectional- Descriptive study. For this study samples, have been taken as randomly from Buses in Terminal of Yazd. Total number of buses was 117 that 20 percent of those were selected as samples(24 samples). Total coliform, fecal coliform (E. Coli), Bacteria HPC, pH, turbidity, Electrical Conduction (EC) & temperature was measured. The data were analyzed in Excel & SPSS environment. Result of this study showed that in 34.78% of total samples positive probably steps, 13.04 % of total coliforms positive and 4.34% is also positive for fecal coliforms. Similarly about of Bacteria HPC that is 52.17% more than 300, 34.78% less than 300 and 8.69% as SPR or large range between Agar and Bottom Plates respectively. Turbidity of 21.7%, more than 1NTU and less than 5NTU, 78.2% less than 1NTU are recorded. All samples, turbidity have been less than Iranian Approved Standards and World Health Guidelines. 100% of cases residual chlorine was zero, which is not acceptable. pH and temperature, in range 7.5 to 8.5 and 13 to 18 Degree Centigrade respectively. The pH according to the World Health Guidelines in range of suitable for drinking that 60.87% is in range more than 8 and 39.13% less than 8.

poly chlorinated biphenyls (PCB) are occupational and environmental pollutants and hazardous organic compounds that have created major environmental and occupational challenge. PCB compounds are caused the different health effects in human depending of sex، age، route of entry، intensity and frequency exposure. This study was conducted to determine the effect of microwave rays، hydrogen peroxide، TiO2، catalyst and ethanol on the composition of PCB in order to reduce occupational hazards.

In this experiment used a MW oven، Pyrex vessel reactor (250ml volume)، Pyrex tube connector and condensing system. A hole was pierced on the top portion of the oven and the Pyrex vessel reactor was connected with the Pyrex tube connector. Ray powers used in 540، 720 and 900W. pH and temperature was continuously monitored. The experiments were repeated three times. The PCB were analyzed by GC-ECD and spss version 16 software package was used for statistical analysis.

The degradation of total PCB in terms of 540،720 and 900W was 83. 85، 88. 89 and 96. 33% respectively. The degradation of total PCB in terms of ratio to solvent with oil transformer in 1:1، 2:1 and 3:1 was 54. 19، 79. 16 and 95. 07% respectively. The degradation of total PCB in terms of not using of / and using 10% of and 0. 05، 0. 1، 0. 15 and 0. 2g was 70. 72، 89. 43، 90. 40، 91. 59and 93. 21% respectively. The degradation of total PCB in terms of not using / and using 20% of and 0. 05، 0. 1، 0. 15 and 0. 2 g was 70. 72، 94، 95. 07، 96. 33 and 97. 17% respectively. Discussion&

The results of this experiments showed that using microwave Rays،H2O2 oxidant and TiO2 catalyst lead to a degradation efficiency of PCBs only in the presence of ethanol. Increasing the concentration of ethanol and H2O2 and also amount of TiO2 should increase the generation rate of hydroxyl radical and thus the oxidation and dechlorination of the PCBs.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is a public health problem in Iran. Actually Antimony compounds commonly used in the treatment of this disease. Using these drugs associated with limitations and several side effects. Research for introducing a new and effective drug is considere. In the present study، the effect of 5 - fluorouracil on growth of Leishmania major promastigotes were evaluated in vitro conditions. In addition the effect of fluorouracil on induction of apoptosis in promastigotes of the leishmania major were investigated. Different concentrations of 5–fluorouracil (12، 25، 50 and 100 µg/ml) were tested in three times and the IC50 was calculated by counting the number of parasites. Viability percent of promastigotes was determined after adding drug by MTT assay. Flow cytometry was used to investigate the induction of apoptosis in the parasites. The 5–fluorouracil has inhibitory effects on the growth of Leishmania promastigotes. IC50 was measured 26. 17 µg/ml after 24h. Analysis of the results of flow cytometry showed that the 5 - fluorouracil induces apoptosis in Leishmania major promastigotes. Discussion and The 5-fluorouracil has antileishmanial effects on leishmania major. So it can be suggested to evaluate in vivo condition against cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Multiple sclerosis disease is a chronic disease a progressive central nervous cells. Which mostly young people، who are in the active phase of life، are affected by it. The very important symptoms are included; fatigue and disorder in balanced. The purpose of this study was the survey of Cawthorne and Cooksey exercise on the quality of life، balance and fatigue in patients with multiple sclerosis. A Subjects of this study were 30 men with multiple sclerosis، who that were placed in the both experimental and control groups in a random manner. Questionnaire SF36، berg balance scale and FFS were been used to measure quality of life، balance and fatigue respectively، in the two groups of subjects. Experimental group exercise protocols were included Cawthorne and Cooksey exercise which performed for 10 weeks، three sessions in a week. The results of this study showed that after exercise protocol in the experimental group increased significantly in all dimensions of quality of life and balance scales were leaf (P<0. 05). The significant reduction in the FSS fatigue scale in the experimental group was observed (P<0. 05). Finally، We can say that Cawthorne and Cooksey exercise as a one method of non-invasive treatment can be effective in improving activities of daily life، severity of fatigue and balance that can be use with the drug be recommended to patients with MS

low birth weight is one of the important sanitary indices in evaluating the prenatal care all over the world. So، recognition of risky factor related to low birth weight can help prevent the occurrence of being low birth weight. The purpose of this research is comparison of psychological distress of low birth weight – newborns، mothers with those of normal weight- newborns’ counterparts. In this causal-comparative study، first، all newborn babies in hospitals and maternity centers Khuzestan between Farwardin (May. 2012) and Esfand (March. 2013) were selected. Then، 100 low birth weight babies and 100 normal weight babies were randomly selected along with their mothers who filled the Depression‚ Anxiety and Stress Scales (DASS- 21) with 0/82 reliability. the results are compared using t-test. there was a significant difference between the mothers of the two groups in Depression‚ Anxiety and Stress (p<0/ 001). recognition of some risk factors pertaining of low birth weight province can help take preventive measures to reduce its rate. the results of research were discussed، and research limitation and suggestions were presented.

Raloxifene is a non-steroidal selective estrogen-receptor modulator which has beneficial estrogen-agonist effects.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of raloxifene on the pituitary hormone axis in rats.

In this study، fourty mature rats of Wistar race weighting 180-200 g and aged 120-130 days had been provided and were divided into 5groups of 8 including control، sham and experimental 1، 2 and 3 groups. The experimental 1، 2 and 3 groups received raloxifene at doses 30، 60، 120 mg/kg body weight as administered for 4 weeks and the control group did not receive any drug and sham group received distilled water. Injections were done intraperitoneally. After blooding levels of FSH، LH، estrogen and progesterone hormones were measured.

The results of the LH and FSH hormones in experimental 2 and 3 groups indicated significant decrease as compared with control group (P <0/05). the results of the estrogen hormone in the experimental group had no significant difference compared to control and sham groups and progesterone hormone in experimental 3 group indicated significant decrease as compared with control group But not significantly different than control group (P<0/05).

The results indicates that raloxifene can disrupt the programming of pituitary-gonadal axis hormone function and have an esterogenic activity in secretion gonadotropin hormone in adult female rats.

Although the relationship between foods and nutrients with metabolic syndrome is known to some extent، the study of dietary patterns and their relationship with metabolic syndrome have more benefits than the relationship is exclusively one or more micronutrients. This study aimed to determine the relation between western dietary patterns with metabolic syndrome in Khorramabad city. In this study، 973 patients (237 males and 736 females) Khorramabad''s residence with multistage cluster and randomized systematic sampling selected. Food intake assessment، weight and height were measured and BMI was calculated. Venous blood samples were collected for measurement of metabolic variables and blood pressure were measured. Metabolic syndrome was defined based on AHA (American Heart Association) criteria. This study showed that participants in the highest quintile of western dietary pattern in compare to the participants in the lowest quintile of western dietary pattern had more risk of metabolic syndrome (OR=2. 21، CI 95%: 1. 42-3. 44). Discussion & Findings of this study showed that healthy dietary pattern (poultry، low and high fat dairy، cruciferous vegetables، green and yellow vegetables، other vegetables، legumes، whole grains، fish، olives، fruits) decreases the risk of metabolic syndrome.

Scabies is a common worldwide parasitic contagious skin disease especially in the warm and humid areas of the world. Due to climate variability and extent of our country as well as different statistics about the dispersion of this disease in Iran، this study was conducted to consider the prevalence، distribution and controlling methods of this infection.

This descriptive study was undertaken through searching the relevant key words in internet، using scientific journals، and review of published articles by researchers in this field of study. Findings were presented as a review article.

Due to non-uniform distribution of scabies in Iran، diagnosis، treatment and controlling of the disease is an important challenge for health authorities regarding community health and economic loss. Discussion &

Health maintenance of at risk population، the essential goal of the health organizations، could be achieved by regular monitoring and supervision of the disease spreading.

Visceral Larva Migranas (VLM) is a zoonotic disease caused by the migration of Toxocara canis or Toxocara cati larva in human tissues. This study was performed to evaluation of indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) and ELISA in diagnosis of visceral larva migranas followed by a seroepidemiological survey in Tabriz. In this cross-sectional study، 558 persons from 2-20 years old selected from Tabriz in 2009-2010. Venous blood samples were collected and transferred to the research laboratory. Toxocara antibodies were detected by ELISA and IFA methods. We used the chi-square test for statistical analysis. Of 558 samples (235 male and 323 female) 162 (29. 04%) had anti-Toxocara antibodies and 396 (70. 96%) were negative. 162 samples were seropositive by ELISA، whereas anti-Toxocara antibodies were detected in 161 samples by IFA method. Discussion & The results of this study showed that، the IFA test have well efficiency for detection of VLM، but requires a laboratory equipped and trained personnels، While the ELISA test، is a simple and easy for the diagnosis and seroepidemiological study of toxocariasis.

Since Khuzestan province is neighboring cutaneous leishmaniasis endemic foci such as Esfahan، Bushehr and Ilam provinces and also considering the incidence of new foci in this province، present study aims to investigate some epidemiological aspects of cutaneous leishmaniasis and to indicate the importance of controlling this problem in Andimeshk district.

This cross-sectional and descriptive-analytical study was conducted from 2005 to 2010. Epidemiological data، including age، sex، location، occupation، number and wound positions and travel history of 605 patients inflicted to cutaneous leishmaniasis were recorded and analyzed by SPSS15.

Most of the patients were suffered from Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (61. 2%). According to the chi-square test، there was a significant difference between number of ACL (Anthroponotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis) and ZCL (Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis) (38. 8%). Also، it showed a significant difference between number of male and female patients inflicted to Leishmaniasis (percentage of patients was more among male in comparison with female). Most of the patients had 15-24 year-old (41. 6%) and less than one year age group had the lowest percentage (1. 6%). Among the jobs، military folks were mostly inflicted to Leishmaniasis (31. 2%) and other jobs)nongovernmental Jobs) had the less percentage (4. 2%). Autumn had the most seasonal prevalence (44%). 25. 3% of the patients had expressed a history of residing or travel to endemic areas and 71. 7% of them didn’t have these backgrounds. Discussion &

Incremental trend of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Andimeshk district، which is mainly common among military groups، can indicate its ability to transfer to prone areas due to the military groups’ movement. Therefor finding its risk factors in these groups in order to properly control and prevent its spread to other societal groups should be considered as priority.

pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic and progressive disease with a median survival of 3–5 years following diagnosis. It can be conceptualized as resulting from an imbalance between normal processes of synthesis and degradation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) in particular MMP-2، a member of proteolytic enzyme family، degrade the extra cellular matrix and basement membrane and have an important role in the development of pulmonary fibrosis. In this research، the expression of MMP-2 protein in the pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin was investigated in the form of qualitative and quantitative in mice. In this experimental study، sixteen C57BL/6 mice were divided into 2 groups. Mice received in group1 (Experiment group)، bleomycin sulfate and in Group2 (control group) CMC intraperitoneally. The mice were sacrificed at the end of experiment and Lung samples were collected from two groups and were prepared for histological and immunohistochemical studies. Then investigated the histological changes of lung tissues and MMP-2 protein expression and Results were analyzed using Student t-test. Histological studies in the experimental group showed inflammatory response، collagen deposition and increase of connective tissues amount in the lung alveolar septa in comparison to control group. Immunohistochemical studies showed that the number of MMP-2 protein expressing cells significantly increased in the experimental group compared to the control group (P<. 001). Discussion & The results of this study showed that the number of cells expressing MMP-2 protein increases in pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin.

Some new methods of treatment focus on using the Magnetic stimulation as a means of induction currents in the brain to produce therapeutic effects. The aim of this study is to determine the effects of rTMS plus routine rehabilitation on hand stiffness in hemiplegic patients، and compare them with pure routine rehabilitation program. Methods and materials: 12 hemiplegic patients were assigned randomly in two groups. Control group، received rehabilitation program with placebo magnetic stimulation، andexperimental group، received magnetic stimulation with routine rehabilitation program for 10 session، 3 times/week. Pre and post of treatment، evaluations done by Wrist Robo Hab. In control group، flextion and pronation muscle stiffness showed nonsignificant improvement (p=0. 291، p=0. 207) but in experimental group، showed significant improvement (p=0. 035، p=0. 009). rTMS can improve hand muscle force and function in chronic hemiplegic patients، when conventional treatment is not effective.

Chromium is a common contaminant in ground and surface water، soil and waste water. Chromium is of considerable because of toxicity and environmental and human health. The aim of this research were to synthesize magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4) and determining its efficiency in chromium removal from aqueous solutions. magnetite nanoparticles were synthesized and the effects of pH and contact time on cadmium removal efficiency were investigated in batch system. Then kinetics and isotherm models coefficients were determined based on optimum conditions. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)، XRD were used to characterization of the synthesized magnetite nanoparticles. SEM results showed that the diameter of the particles is 40-50 nm. Results showed that the optimum pH value for chromium adsorption was 2 and the equilibrium time was 60 min. The magnetite nanoparticles have advantages such as high removal efficiency and short reaction time and can be used as a method to remove cadmium from aqueous solutions. The adsorption kinetics fitted using the type1- pseudo second-order kinetic model and the adsorption isotherm could be described by the langmuer. The langmuer maximum adsorption capacity of magnetite nanoparticles for Cr (VI) was found to be 24 mgg-1. These results indicated that magnetite nanoparticles can be employed as an efficient adsorbent for the removal of chromium from contaminated water sources. The results also revealed that the magnetite nanoparticles supported have a better adsorption capacity، better magnetic properties and separation، and therefore، lower cost.

one of cases which is very important in the study of health condition is tooth and month health condition health tooth and month point to all of the health aspect and function especially tooth and gum of the teeth. At instruction using of modle is by the purpose of practical help to design effective instructional programs. this study shaped with the purpose of Effect of education based on health belief model on students'' oral health behavior change between girl students in primary school at ahwaz – city. in 1391 the kind of this interventional research include two groups 1:eyperiment 2:example. at first questionnaire be design according to pattern sort and also be study it usefulness. this research will be complete in two stages at before and after of instruction during 8 weeks. it statistical group include 140 of students at primary school in fifth class in ahwaz city. the intervention of this research is the instruction of tooth and mouth hygiene according to hygienic belief model by the lecture method group discussion at 5 instructional session and presentation of pamfelet and teraket. at the end ¸all of figures and digits be collect by the use of spss sowftware and be analyze by use coorelation founding: according to results tooth hygienic behaviours such as teeth – brush and use of floss with all bars have meaningful statistical connection the results show that hygienic belief model in the relation with the promotion of mouth and tooth hygienic behaviour can be very effective.

High concentrations of soluble selenium، selenite and selenate are toxic to living organisms. The accumulation of selenium in certain environments results in discoloration of the skin، hair loss، deformation of nails، tooth decay، weakness and a lack of mental alertness، liver and kidney necrosis and cell death. Thus، bioremediation has been considered as an effective means of cleaning up of selenium-contaminated sites. In this study، 263 strains were isolated from wastewater samples collected from selenium-contaminated sites in Qom Province using the enrichment culture technique and direct plating on agar. MIC was measured by agar dilution method in resistant strains and the disk diffusion method was performed to determine resistance or sensitivity for these bacteria. Bacterial strains designated QW90 and QW243 exhibited very high MIC values ranging 550 and 500 for toxic oxyanion of selenite، respectively. Strains QW90 and QW243 identified as Bacillus sp. AB315f (FRB21125) and Pseudomonas marincola (AF326382) with conventional biochemical tests and 16S rRNA studies. These two bacterial strains were resistant to some antibiotics. Discussion & Our study showed utilization of enrichment culture technique in comparing to the direct plating on agar lead to better isolation of selenite resistant bacteria. Also، Bacillus sp. strain QW90 could be further used for bioremediation of contaminated sites.

The heavy metal pollution has become one of the most important environmental problems. Heavy metals are the most important environmental pollutants، especially for human health and aquatic systems are a serious threat. Iranian Research Organization for Science and Technology of yeast Saccharomyces carlsbergensis PTCC 5051، and received as a lyophilized culture YEDPA environment and then the proliferation of malt extract broth is used. The effects of pH، temperature، kinetics and isotherm of lead on metal uptake were evaluated by the SC. Absorption maximum at about pH 5; the optimum temperature was 25 degrees Celsius. A kinetic study showed that batch biosorption of lead to rapid removal by the biomass of Saccharomyces was the first test was done in less than 30 minutes. Method using FT-IR، surface functional groups of fungi were identified. With active and passive absorption of lead by Saccharomyces has revealed more attracted by the yeast is active. With yeast and control yeast on the autoclave، the pre-treated with sodium azide and 2 and 4 DNP nitro phenol showed that claims of capturing، respectively، 0/68، 0/12، 0/44 and 0/48 mmol g was obtained. Results showed that، even using the passive yeast are suitable for the absorption of lead.

The most commoncrime،violence and abuseofthe socialworld today. Studieshave shownthatfirst feelingafter the invasion،crime victimsmay experiencefrustrationanddepressionand worrycomeslater.

This research study the relationship between metacognition beliefs in the women victim of Ardebil city with types of domestic violence.

This studyis a correlation، Statistical society were married women referred to police counseling center of Ardebil city that among them 100 women selected as sample. In order to collect data، Metacognition and conflict tactics questionares. The collected data were analyzed based on Pearson correlation analysis.

Results showed that between modalities of metacognition belifs and types of domestic violence (discussion، psychological aggression، sexual coersion and injury coercion).

according to research finding show that domestic violence women victim have a lot of problems And the relationship between violence and metacognitive beliefs will prove. These women have low self confidence، low knowledge and negative beliefs are concerned، it makes the placing of partner violence، Some of these characteristic can be back ground of being violence and some of them can be consequences of it. Key words: metacognition beliefs and domestic violence

Aim of the study was to evaluate the cost of four disease-mod-ifying drugs (DMDs) used as first-line treatment for relapsing and remitting mu-ltiple sclerosis (MS): IFNβ-1a IM injecti-on (Avonex®)، IFN β-1b SC injection (Betaferon®)، IFNβ-1a SC injection (Rebif®) and IFNβ-1a IM injection (CinnoVex®). The study used the cost-of-illness approach to estimate the direct and indirect costs associated with five treatment regimes of MS. 231 patie-nts were divided into five groups (groups A، B، C and D received different continu-ous interferon therapy and Group E received symptom management treatm-ent). Detailed questionnaires were com-pleted for 231 patients over a 6-month period (12 months for hospitalization costs). The annual average of total cost per patient amounted to 24475 USD in 2011. Direct costs amounted to 16945 USD and constituted the largest share of total cost (67. 5%). Among the direct costs، the largest cost was belonging to DMDs. Indirect costs amounted to 7530 USD and constituted 32. 2% of total cost. Indirect costs were domiately related to leaving the job. Total costs per patient were estimated to be 22881،35850، 32920،15680 and 15042 USD for A، B، C، D and symptom management groups، re-spectively. Discussion & Results of this study indicated that MS imposes subs-tantial economic burden on MS patients، on their families، and on society as a whole. In order to minimize MS costs and improve quality of life، the ideal aim of MS treatment should be directed to early stage of the disease and using cost-effec-tive therapy regims.

With this mind that the high prevalence of Autistic Spectrum Traits (AST) between pediatrics Depression Disorder and also، simultaneity of mood disorders in individual with high level of Autism spectrum traits، Therefore، this study was conduct to found out the relationships of autistic spectrum traits (Social skill، Attention switching، communication، Attention to details، Imaginary) and Depression disorder among girl students of medical sciences university in Ilam.

The statistical society of current research included all of the girl student of medical sciences university in Ilam. The sample of this study includes 250 students who were chosen by multistage randomly sampling method. The Measures used in this research are as follow: Autism spectrum Quotient (AQ) and Depression scale of SCL-90. The outcomes of questionnaire were précised by multiple regression in Stepwise and Enter style.

The results of multiple regression analysis indicated that 7 percent of depression variance was explained by autistic traits also deficiency in communication and social skills emerged as the strongest predictors of depression in students.

Morning report sessions are case-based educational conference. In the sessions patients are selected and presented. In the paper we explain the pattern in which the patients are selected and introduced in the sessions. In a medical unive-rsity of Tehran city، responsible persons for case selection and the method of case sel-ection for morning report sessions were evaluated in 25 departments of 5 academic hospitals. Faculty members and chief res-idents were responsible for case selection in 80% and 20%، respectively. In most of sessions (68%) interesting or chall-enging cases were presented. Discussion & In the studied medical university، faculty members were mostly responsible for case selection and the trend was toward challenging cases. Th-erefore، in order to improve educational cu-rriculum a right case selection procedure is necessary in the morning report sessions.

Human serum albumin with its singular structure acts as a carrier mo-lecule that can attach to a variety of sub-stances. Any structural or functional chan-ges in albumin are accompanied with unde-sirable outcomes. In the present research، attachment of some ligands such as det-ergents (DTAB) and sugars (glucose) to albumin were evaluated at temperatures 27°C and 42°C. Tris-buffer solusion for albumin with a pH close to the pH of body was prepared. To denature albumin، hydrochloric acid was used. UV spectero-photometric technique was applied to eval-uate denaturation process. With increment of DTAB conc-entration the maximum optical absorption of albumin decreased. Glucose concent-ration at 400mg/dl level caused a profound change in the optical absorption of albumin that might affect the structure of the mo-lecule. Discussion & Glucose elevate-on has deleterious effects and deteriorates the function of many molecules in blood. The effects may exert on hormones، drug transportation، necessary ions and elements

Glomerular Diseases affect the filtration function of nephrons. In many patients، kidney failure eventually leads to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The causes of the glomerular diseases should be diagnosed to appropriately treat the disease. Although a renal biopsy determines definitive diagnosis of the cause of the disease، it is an invasive and potentially hazardous procedure. Urine testing for biomarkers could replace renal biopsy as a simple، safe، and accurate test that could be repeated to follow up progression of the disease and monitor response to therapy. In recent years، in order to understand the mechanisms involved in glomerular disease، kidney injury and to distinct between them، notable proteomics studies have been done. It seems that by improvement of proteomic techniques in future، better results will be achieved. This article discusses this issue in detail.

Urbanization and industrial activities have heavily caused air pollution in cities that make a serious threat for people‘s health. So، awareness of air quality over time periods and also the trend of air pollution changes in locations may have an important role in urban health management and land use policy-making. The data utilized in the present study included all concentr-ations of CO that were recorded by poll-ution measurement stations of Tehran city in 2011. Idicator kriging، autologistic and centered autologistic models were used to analyze these data. Arc Gis and R softw-ares were used to process these models. The predictions that were made by these methods showed that eastern، northern and central parts of Tehran city were more polluted than other zones. Among the methods used in this project، centered autologistic model was more precise than indicator kriging method and autologistic model. Discusion & The centered au-tologistic model is recommended to analyse spatial binary data. Because it provided a more precies prediction than indicator kriging method by considering the effects of explanatory variables. On the other hand، it eliminates the biases in fitted vlues of autologistic model.

In the period of optimization of talent، organizations search for creative and innovative approaches to upgrade their competitive advantages and in this turbulent and complicate environment، only human resource could be useful for organizations. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the components of human capital and the components of lea-rning organizations among faculty members of the Imam Khomeini''s hospital in 2011. This research was conducted through a cross-sectional and descriptive fashion. The society under study consisted of 227 faculty members working at Imam Khomeini hospital complex. Data were collected by means of a questionnaire that its validity and reliability were assured by expert’s corroboration and alpha Cron-bach coefficient (0. 94)، respectively. The data were analyzed via descriptive and ana-lytical statistics (Spearman correlation coefficient) by SPSS software. The results revealed a moderate learning organization status based on the opinions of faculty member at Imam Kho-meini hospital complex. There was a signi-ficant relationship between the human capital and learning organization comp-onents (P<0. 005). Discussion & Regarding to the presence of a significant positive relations-hip between the human capitals and learn-ing organization components، the necessity of applying this method as a new and effi-cient theory in management and health syst-em would be inevitable

Today، ecstasy abuse has been extended. Also، the substance has an easy access that increases their damaging effects. Therefore، this study aimed to de-termine the knowledge and attitude of students about ecstasy and its com-plications. In this cross-sectio-nal study، 254 undergraduate students were selected by random sampling in the health and architecture schools of Shahid Beheshti University. Data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire with high reliability and validity that included four sections; demographic، knowledge about ecstasy; attitudes and behavior toward ecs-tasy. The questionnaire was completed by the students under study. The data were analyzed using SPSS 16 and statistical tests، T-test and ANOVA. Participants in this study were 116 (45. 65%) male and 138 (54. 35%) fem-ale students. 122 (48. 5%) students were fro-m the school of health، and 132 (51. 95%) were from the school of architecture. 95% of students had used ecstasy and 79% stated that they need to attend in courses related to ecstasy and its complications. 62 % tended to participate in workshops. About 50. 4% of the students had a moderate level of knowledge، and about 67. 3% of them had a good attitude. Also، knowledge and attitude had not significant associations with disc-ipline، gender and place of residence (p>0. 05). There was no significant assoc-iation between knowledge and marital status، but there was a significant relation-nship between positive attitudes toward effects of ecstasy and marital status (p=0. 0001). Discussion & According to the findings، the students'' knowledge and their positive attitudes towards effects of ecstasy were not desirable and appropriate. It is suggested that the finding of the study will be used to provide effective education programs and to promote the knowledge and attitude of students.

In spite of the fact that many factors affect the performance of orga-nizations، it is quite doubtless that leade-rship is one of the most important factors for organizations succession. Hospitals as complicated organizations require an effici-ent leadership، at gross or small levels، and. This study aimed to assess leadership style in the educational hospitals of Iran، Tehran and Shahid Beheshti Universities of medi-cal sciences and explore its relationship with personality type based on the five-fac-tor personality model. The present study was a correlation one. Statistical society of the research included managers working in the educational hospitals of Iran، Tehran and Shahid Beheshti Universities of medic-al sciences. The data was collected by an appropriate questionnaire. Managers Lead-ership Style was measured by Rensis-Likert questionnaire. Also، managers’ personality type was assayed by five big factors of Mckry Dody Kastav. For validating the q-uestionnaires، a content and technical validating method was applied. The reliabi-lity of the questionnaires was estimated by test-pretest method. The findings of study showed that conscientiousness personality type was the most frequent types (36. 4%) in comp-arison with other personality type. There was a significant relationship between pe-rsonality type and leadership style (P=0. 06). Discussion & Given the relati-onship between personality type and lea-dership style، it may predict the managers’ leadership style by using of their perso-nality type.

Patient advocacy concept is a very important issue، because if the me-aning of advocacy in nursing profession is not clear، nurses will not properly prepare to perform one of their basic roles. Sear-ching the literature shows that there is not a useful tool to evaluate the advocacy role of nurses in Iran. Therefore this study was conducted for designing and validating the nursing advocacy scale in Iran. This study was a methodological research. Initially، instr-ument items were designed through a comprehensive overview of present quail-tative and quantitative studies and used tools in the field of nursing advocacy conc-ept in the word. Then، validity of the tool was obtained through face، content and constructs validity and its reliability was obtained via internal consistency and test-retest. Content validity index of Waltz and Bausell for all instruments of nursing advocacy scale was 93. 72. In order to det-ermine face validity of nursing advocacy scale، we tried to use writing، structuring and a seeming logical and interesting for the tool. By using exploratory factor ana-lysis، principal components method and orthogonal Varimax rotation، the factor structure of the nursing advocacy scale instrument was documented in five dime-nsions. Cronbach''s alpha coefficient for nursing advocacy was 0. 920 and test-retest reliability coefficient was 0. 916. Discussion & At the end of the study، «nursing advocacy scale» which co-ntained 57 items، and was composed of five dimensions were designed and prep-ared. These aspects included A) Necessity of nursing advocacy with 12 items، B) Nature of nursing advocacy with 16 items، C) Facilitating factors of nursing advocacy with 10 items، D) Inhibiting factors of nursing advocacy with 13 items and E) and results of nursing advocacy with 6 items.

Nowadays، plague and cholera are not major concerns for human society، but cancer is the biggest concern، affecting thousands of people worldwide. Therefore، many cancer studies are performed each year، investigating mechanisms and agents involved in the pathogenesis of different cancers، and seeking new therapeutic approaches to effectively treat them. Every day a new unknown fact is revealed about the factors involved in cancer. In the past، it was assumed that the only physical and chemical factors cause cancers; however، nowadays there are new attitudes that indicate the direct or indirect involvement of biological factors، especially viruses، in the pathogenesis of cancers. Until now، the direct role of six viruses including hepatitis B، hepatitis C، human papilloma virus، human T-lymphotropic virus Type 1، Epstein-Barr and human herpes virus 8، and also the indirect role of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have been proven by scientists. In the present manuscript، we attempted to review the current information about the role of above-mentioned viruses in pathogenesis of some cancers.

Heat labile toxin (LT) is one of the virulence factors of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli. B subunit of LT (LHB) is the binding subunit and can induce six months immunity in humans. Tetanus toxin of Clostridium Tetani causes the fatal disease، tetanus. This toxoid induces two years immunity in humans. Hc subunit، as binding domain of the toxoid is considered as immunogenic part of tetanus toxin. The THc and LTB recombinant subunits have the potential role to induce immunological memories with different longevity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the immunogenicity of THc and LTB recombinant proteins in animal model and also to evaluate their roles in immunity duration. The recombinant proteins، THc and LTB، were expressed in the transgenic host، E. Coli Bl21 DE3 using pET28a vector containing their respected genes in optimum condition. After express-ion، LTB and THc were purified from insoluble and soluble phases، respectively. Then، their purity was confirmed by SDS-PAGE gel. To evaluate their immuno-genicity، these proteins were injected into mice and the antibody titer were evaluated and compared by ELISA technique. SDS-PAGE results showed overexpressed levels of the proteins under study. Immunity assessment revealed that in the same condition of immunity the THc subunit produces a higher antibody titer in comparison with the LTB subunit. ِDiscussion & The first step in creating a strong and long-lasting immune-ological memory is the induction of high titer of antibody. Thus، the difference in antibody titer may be related to memory cells lifetime in the immunized mice.

Given the importance of human serum albumin، evaluation of the protein is invaluable. One of the characteristics of the protein is to create ligand bindings. The trait was assessed by application of the surfactant، sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)، as a ligand under normal and pathologic temperatures and normal and diabetic concentration of glucose. UV spectroscopy was the method used in this experiment. Human Serum albumin was evaluated in the presence of different concentrations of glucose and the following conditions: SDS at the conce-ntrations، 2، 1. 5، 1، and 0. 5mM as indices for ligand binding assay، and normal and fever temperatures. The high temperature 42°C and different concentrations of glucose created structural changes in albumin. This effect was more significant at 400 mg/dl conce-ntration of glucose. Discussion & Human Serum Albumin structure was highly affected by increment of temperate which was more evident in diabetic condition.

Increasing resistance to anti-microbial agents in bacteria is a major problem around the world. So، our kno-wledge about the bacterial strains status causing urinary tract infection and their resistance against common antibiotics is an important issue in treatment. The aim of this study was to indentify the bacteria causing urinary tract infections and to determine their antibiotic resistance in ad-ults hospitalized and referred to the Farshc-hian hospital in Hamadan in 2011.

This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 214 individuals hospitalized in or referred to the Farshchian hospital in 2011. Morphological evaluation and identification of the isolated bacteria were performed by Gram staining and biochemical tests. Antibiotic suscept-ibility tests were done with cotrimoxazole، nalidixic acid، gentamicin، ceftriaxone، nitr-ofurantoin، tobramycin، amoxicillin، oflo-xacin and ciprofloxacin disks and the Kirby-Bauer method.

Of 141 patients، 54. 2% and 45. 7% were female and male، respectively. The most common causes of infection were Escherichia coli (%61)، Enterobacter spp. (%10. 7)، staphylococcus saprophyticus (%8. 5)، Pesudomonas aeruginosa (%7. 9) and Proteus spp. (%7. 1). In total، regardless of the type of bacteria، the highest resis-tance was against amoxicillin and the low-est resistance was against nalidixic acid. Escherichia coli as the most common cause of urinary tract infection and had the same pattern of infection in both sexes. Discussion &

According to our study، E. coli was the most common cause of urinary tract infection and the strain had the highest and lowest resistances against amoxicillin and nalidixic acid، respectively.

As therapeutic options develop for the tre-atment of multiple sclerosis (MS)، there is an increasing necessity to find biomarkers with high sensitivity and being useful to detect the activity and disease course. Such biomarkers with high selectivity and accuracy can be used to evaluate therap-eutic responsiveness، early diagnosis، and early treatment and to show the stage of the disease. For instance، presence of oligocl-onal bands within CSF of MS-CIS، anti-aquaporin 4 for differentiation of MS disease from Neuromyelitis Optica، prese-nce of neutralizing antibodies against inter-feron-beta in serum samples of MS patients to assess responders vs. nonresponders، are the benefits of biomarkers in disease study. Despite the above advantages، there is no given biomarker to definitely diagnosis the MS disease. The emergence of advanced molecular techniques opened a new horizon to find more sensitive and selective biom-arkers to diagnosis the disease at early stages

Chamomile (matricaria chamomilla L.) is a well–known medicinal plants species from the Asreraceas family. Nowadays، chamomile is a highly favored and much used medicinal plant in Folk and traditional medicine through the world، and can therefore be considered as an important medicinal species. Chamomile is an important medicinal plant، whose multitherapeutic cosmetic، and nutritional values have been established through years of Traditional and scientific use and research. chamomile has bee reported to exhibit antiseptic، healding، stimulative، carminative، spasmolytic and sedative activities. since chamomile has been Recommended in the literature as a remedy for the alleviating of pain، it was considered Worthwhile to investigate the antinociceptive affects of chamomile ethanolic extract in adult Male NMRI mice.

antiniciceptive activity was done using by formalin،hopt plate and writhing tests. the chamoline ethanolic extract (5،10 and 50 mg/kg body wt.) was injectedIntraperitoneally. the control group was administrated with saline.

the results showd that the chamoline ethanolic extract decreased only second phase of formaline induced pain. in hot plate Ethanolic extract exhibited antinociceptive activity against writhing-induced by acetic acid.

the Present data indicated that the plant has antinociceptive effect on mice and the plant should be considered in future therapeutic researches.