مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی قم
سال هشتم شماره 1 (پیاپی 31، فروردین و اردیبهشت 1393)

Antibodies are used in many areas of diagnosis and treatment. Fully human monoclonal antibodies (mAb) have attracted high attention due to not stimulating immune response in the body. This study was carried out with the purpose of designing and optimizing multiplex polymerase chain reaction for amplification human anti-tetanus toxoid antibody genes. After collecting blood samples from a human immunized with tetanus toxoid and lymphocyte separation, total RNA was extracted and cDNA was synthesized. all varieties of light (Kapa) and heavy chains of antibody were amplified by two separated multiplex PCR reactions using 14 pair primers. PCR was performed to link VH and VL together and make a ScFv segment, and semi nested PCR was performed to add cutting sites of restriction enzymes at the two ends of the segment. In two multiplex PCR reactions, VH and VL segments were amplified with the length of 410 and 680 bp, respectively. After gel extraction, VH and VL were linked together as a 1070 bp ScFv segment. Restriction sites were added to the two ends of ScFv. By selection of an appropriate primer set and optimization of effective factors of multiplex PCR, all varieties of antibody genes derived from total human lymphocyte cDNA could be amplified and extracted using two multiplex PCR reactions instead of several uniplex ones. Therefore, using only two Multiplex PCR reactions, all genetic varieties of human antibody could be amplified as VH and VL segments from the blood of a subject immunized with tetanus toxoid.

Dyslipidemia is a common disorder and one of the major causes of the atherosclerosis development and progression in hemodialysis patients.Timely diagnosis and treatment of dyslipidemia can reduce mortality and morbidity of cardiovascular disease and protect the remaining function of kidneys in patients withchronic renal failure. This study was performed with the objective of evaluating the frequency of dyslipidemia and its accompanying factors in hemodialysis patients. In a descriptive cross-sectional study, 182 patients with chronic renal failure referred to hemodialysis units of Baqiyatallah and Shahid Chamran hospitals, Tehran in 2012 were studied. Fordata collection, in addition to demographic questionnaire, serum levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL and LDL were measured. Data analysis was done using Chi-square, independent t-test, and one-way ANOVA. The significance level was considered to be p<0.05. In this research, 8.2% of the patients had hypercholesterolemia, 26.4% hypertriglyceridemia, and 6.8% LDL level more than 130. In half of the patients, serum HDL was less than 35. A significant relationship was observed betweendyslipidemiaand variables of gender (p=0.001), duration of hemodialysis (p=0.004), education level (p=0.005), and weight (p=0.007). Dyslipidemiahas a high prevalence in hemodialysis patients, especiallypatients with low literacy and obesity. So that, at least one of the components of lipid profilesis abnormalin more than 80% of hemodialysis patients. Therefore, planning to improve life style and provide training on proper nutrition and physical activity is recommended as one of the principles of care in hemodialysis patients.

Adrenergic and GABAergic systems of the brain play an important role in memory and learning. According to results of studies, morphine, histamine, and lithium induce state-dependent learning. This study was conducted aiming at assessing the effects of α2-adrenergic receptors of CA1 on muscimol state-dependent learning. In this study, clonidine as agonist and yohimbine as antagonist of α2-adrenergic receptor, muscimol as agonist of GABAA receptor and step-through inhibitory avoidance task as a model of learning were used for memory assessment. The data analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, t-test, and Mann-Whitney test. In all statistical assessments, p<0.05 was considered as significance level in the comparison of the groups. Pre-test intra-CA1 injection of muscimol (1.2µg/mice) impaired inhibitory avoidance memory on the test day (p<0.01). Pre-test injection of muscimol (0.06 and 1.2µg/mice) reversed the memory impaired under pre-training muscimol (1.2µg/mice); so, muscimol can induce state-dependent learning (p<0.001). Pre-training injection of clonidine (0.6 and 1.2μg/mice) also reversed pre-training muscimol (1.2µg/mice, intra-CA1) induced amnesia (p<0.01). Also pre-test intra-CA1 injection of yohimbine (1.2 and 2.4μg/mice) 2 minutes before administration of effective dose of muscimol inhibited muscimol state-dependent memory (p<0.01). Overall, It can be concluded that α2-adrenergic receptors of dorsal hippocampus have an important role in muscimol state-dependent learning on the test day.

Family physician program is a health care provision program. Assessment of the beneficieries’ willingness to participate in family physician program, using appropriate models could help its better implementation. This study was conducted to assess the private sector general Physicians’ willingness to participate in family physician program using Diffusion of Innovation Model. This descriptive analytical study was carried out on 89 general physicians who possessed clinic and worked for private sector. The samples were selected through simple random method, and the data were collected by questionnaire. The data were analyzed using t-test and Pearson’s correlation coefficient. In this study, the overall level of willingness to participate in family physician program was reported to be 53.3 (Willingness score was calculated out of 100), which this level was reported 48 for relative advantages construct, 54.4 for compatibility, 27.9 for complexity, 28.7 for trainability, and 60 for visibility. According to the results of this research, it seems that general physicians family physicians as the main body of family physician program, has a moderate willingness to participate in this program. Therefore, planning for disambiguation and more adaptation of the program to the needs and demands of general physicians is necessary to ensure its successful implementation.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the common clinical disorders, which is observed in 5-10% of women in their reproductive age. Its clinical characteristics include anovulation, hyperandrogenism,hirsutism, and resistance to insulin. This study was carried out aiming at determiningthe protective effect of royal jelly on liver tissue in polycystic rats. In this experimental study, 32 adult female Wistar rats were randomly divided into four 8-rat groups: 1) control group, which received just normal food and water; 2) experimental polycystic ovary syndrome (PCO) group, in them the syndrome was induced through intramuscular injection of a single dose of estradiol valerate, 4mg (0/4mL) per rat; 3) control royal Jell group, which orally received 90mg/kg royal Jelly daily, and 4) PCOS-royal Jelly group, in them PCOS was induced similar to the second group, and treated with royal Jelly similar to the third group. The treatment period was 63 days (9 weeks). At the end of the treatment period, blood samples were collected from all rats for biochemical analysis, then, their liver tissue were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and sudan black stains. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey's test. Significance level was considered p<0.05. In this study, royal jelly decreased lipid reserves of liver cells and decreased the destructive effects of oxidative stress due to PCOS in liver tissue in the group of rats treated with royal jelly. According to the findings of this study, royal jelly has a protective effect on liver tissue of polysictic rats.

Animal bite is considered as a public health problem. Increasing cases of animal bite is of high importance because of causing rabies losses in livestock and economic damages. This study was conducted to determine the epidemiology of animal bite in Qom province. This descriptive-retrospective study was done on medical records of subjects with animal bite in Qom province during 2007-2012. The collected data were analyzed using chi-square. The significance level was considered to be p<0.05. During these 6 years, 7246 cases had been bitten by animals. Bites were significantly higher in men (89.6%) compared to women (p<0.01). The mean age of injured population was 29.6±15.7. The overall incidence rate of animal bite was 109.4 cases per 100000 people. The highest frequencies of bites were in spring season (27.3%) compared to other seasons. Most cases were bitten by dogs (61.7%). In most of the cases, the bitten body sites were hand and leg (93.8%). In 81.5% of cases, vaccination history was in three times. A significant relationship was observed between resident place and species of biting animal (p<0.05). Based on the results of this study, the incidence of animal bites in Qom province was higher than other provinces. Hence, implementation of basic measures, such as training at-risk groups, establishing a committee for dissipation of stray dogs, strengthening care system, and vaccination program, seem to be necessary.

Long-time erexposure to ultraviolet radiations can lead to various skin and ocular diseases. UV-blocking contact lenses due to their properties against ultraviolet radiations can protect eyes. The present study aimed to compare between ultraviolet and visible light rays transmission through soft contact lenses available in Iran. In this cross-sectional study, 6 types of contact lenses (Avaira, Biofinity, Acuvue 2, Acuvue Oasys, Ultra Wave, and Specialy S55) were purchased from reputable companies of the country, and were evaluated in terms of transmission of ultraviolet and visible light according to U.S. Food and Drug Administration of (FDA) criteria. To test the samples, a calibrated spectral transmittance-meter was used, which had the ability of evaluation of samples at wavelengths of ultraviolet type B, type A, and visible light. The data were analyzed by ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests. The significance level was considered to be p≥0.05. In this study, none of the lenses were eligible for blocking UV radiation. Among the UV-blocking soft lenses, the Acuvue Oasys had the best performance, with a transmittance of less than 4% of UV-B and less than 45% of UV-A. All of the lenses decreased the transmittance of visible light about 4%. Considering that all of the studied contact lenses can protect eyes against UV radiation compared to other lenses, but for protection against harmful sunlight, standard sunglasses and an appropriate hat should be used together with even the best UV-blocking contact lenses.

The role of psychological separation of means of achieving an independent sense of self with no need to break with parents has been proved in young person or adult compromising specificity in different cultures. This study was conducted with the purpose of assessing the correlation between psychological separation from parents and general health in a group of medical students. In this descriptive study, 200 medical students were selected using random sampling, and research tools were conducted for them. General health questionnaire (GHQ-28) and psychological separation (PSI) were used for data collection. The data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and t significance test for dependent samples, and regression analysis. The significance level of differences was considered p<0.05. In this research, there was a significant correlation between psychological separation and general health (r=0.73))p<0.001(. Also, the results of regression analysis showed that the psychological separation subscales in girls group can significantly predict general health. According to the results of this study, psychological separation and achieving it play an important role in various aspects of health (physical and mental) in medical students.

Pulse oximetry is the most common technique for monitoring hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SpO2). Different colors and brands of nail polish may cause disturbance in the reading and interpretation of oxygen saturation. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of different colors of nail polish on oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximeter. Thirty healthy students with SpO2≥95% and without obvious problems in nail bed and peripheral perfusion in ordinary room air, participated in this clinical trial. Each volunteer sat in a chair for 10 minutes, maintaining the whole body at rest; then, the SpO2 baseline of clean unpolished nail beds of all 10 fingers was measured and recorded. After this phase, the participants were asked to use each of 10 colors of nail polishes randomly and unrepeatedly to polish one of their fingernails. Nail polish was applied in two layers. After drying the nail polishes, the SpO2 was measured again. Data analysis was performed by statistical tests of Kolmogorov-Smirnov, paired t-, and Wilcoxon tests. Orange, pink, and purple nail polish had no effect on SpO2 (p>0.05), while other colors induced a statistically decrease in SpO2 (p<0.05), but this was not clinically significant (<1.2%). The results of this study revealed that nail polish has no clinical effect on SpO2 measures by pulse oximeter in healthy subjects. Therefore, there is no need to spend time and money to clean nail polish from individual’s nails.

Considering the increasing rate of drug-resistant strains among microorganisms, finding antimicrobial and antifungal compounds from natural materials, which certainly havefewer side-effects, has long been of interest to researchers. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate antibacterial and antifungal effects of ethanolic extract of red algae Gracilariaarcuata of Chabahar Coasts. After sampling, antimicrobial and antifungal effects of ethanolic extract of red algae Gracilariaarcuata against 5 bacterial strains of Proteus vulgaris, Vibrio cholera, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes and one fungal species, Aspergillus flavus, were studied and the results were compared with standard antibiotics. Independent sample t-test and one-way ANOVA were used for comparison between groups, and Duncan test was used to assess differences between means. V. cholera had the highest sensitivity to red algae with an inhibition zone diameter of 11.25±0.35, so that there was a statistically significant difference compared to commercial antibiotic neomycin (p<0.05). E. coli showed the highest resistance against ethanolic extract of the test algae. Red algae Gracilariaarcuata from Chabahar coasts has high antibacterial and antifungal properties.

Purtscher's retinopathy occurs with sudden loss of vision. In this article, a case of post-partum Purtschers-like retinopathy was investigated.Case Report: The patient was an 18-year-old woman who presented with severe bilateral loss of vision, three days after childbirth. No systemic abnormalities were observed except preeclampsia. The results of ophthalmoscopy and fluorescein angiography, multiple superficial white patches within the retina, and small superficial indicated retinal hemorrhage simulating Purtscher's retinopathy. After eight weeks, visual acuity had significantly improved without any treatment.Embolic occlusion of the precapillary arterioles is the most likely pathogenesis. Also, improvement of visual outcomes may be seen in patients with post-partum Purtschers-like retinopathy.