فصلنامه اخلاق پزشکی
پیاپی 27 (بهار 1393)

According to Islamic teachings, the human being has three-dimensional spheres, which include: 1) the thoughts, 2) beliefs and value and 3) behaviors. Each of these aspects, are interrelated with another, But, the root and source of moral and behavioral traits, is belief and thought. On the base of Quran, a collection of true faith, as a source of good moral and good deed, makes all Clean, healthy and spiritual living for human. This paper is an attempt to answer this question; "according to The Quran, which behaviors and actions are righteous and can effect on the purity and spirituality of human life and provide Healthy and qualifications for the individual and society and it is also effective in reforming and strengthening the moral and faith? " the short but comprehensive answer can be what the Quran point out as "doing good deeds", which has a variety of positive and negative aspects. It means the set of individual and social actions and behaviors that are useful and they are emphasized by the Quran. However, the aim of this paper is to investigate of the best examples of the behaviors of heart and format (good deeds) and its relation to health and spirituality from the perspective of the Quran. This research tries to provide appropriate answers to these questions with using Quranic verses and some first and second sources with descriptive and analysis methods.

One of the most principles of medical ethics is autonomy that is based on the human dignity and Respect for persons. Therefore every pregnant woman can make an informed dicision according their rights, ethically. Due to nothing enough knowledge and information and inspite of recommendation for normal vaginal delivery, some wemon intend to cesarean section. Regarding to increased rates of cesarean section and importance of informed dicision making, this study carried out with the porpouse of assessment of the informed dicision making in pregnant women reffered to the selected health facilities of tehran city.The study sample included 154 pregnant women with delivery intention that selected by clustering method. in this discriptive study questionnaire was used for data collection included three part: demographic information, selected delivery method and its knowledge. Results show the precent of the pregnant women with the intend of cesarean section increased from 31% (n=48) to 54.5% (n=84) at the time of delivery. According to women self-reporting, the cause of intention for cesarean sectin in 58.3% of the participants was vaginal delivery fear and pain.Our findings indicate on the necessity of informed dicision making about the delivery method. So, continues education espicially in adolescents suggested in order to increasing the pregnant women knowledge and informed decision making about their delivery method.

The present study is an attempt to study the ethical intelligence of the medical students of state universities in Tehran. A total 359 the medical students (basic science, physio pathology, stagiaire and intern) from Tehran, Shahid Beheshti, Baghiatolah, Shahed were randomly selected. The present research is a descriptive survey was done in 91-92. The required data was collected with the help of MCI questionnaire to examine 10 factors and 40 variables. Data analysis was done by SPSS-16 version. In this study using descriptive tests and correlation test to analyze the data. The findings of the study indicate that moral competencies such as consistently with principles, values and beliefs, telling the truth, standing up for what is right, keeping promises, taking responsibility for personal choices, admitting mistakes and failures, embracing responsibility for serving others, actively caring about others, ability to forgive one’s own mistakes and ability to forgive others’ mistakes were below average. Results showed that there is significant difference between moral intelligence factors. Furthermore, the results of correlation test demonstrate a significant positive relationship between age and level of education with ethical intelligence. Moral intelligence is an acquired ability that can be promoted. Medical sciences’ educators can be helpful in the promotion of moral intelligence through ongoing training in the classroom and practice and encouragement of ethical behaviors. There is a need to develop education of moral intelligence.

Nursing is considered as a cumbersome and stressful profession. Nurses play a pivotal role in patient care and there are experience considerable emotional distress leading to irritability, depression, somatic disorder, sleep disorders and burnout. In attention to the importance of investigating effective to increase nurses’ well-being and to improve nurse-patient relationship, in the current research, with interview of humor history in nurse-patient relationship, has been paid to humor advantages in health field. Thus, the current research has been done to investigate the role of humor in improving nurse-patient relationship. Data bases of Science direct, Oxford journal, Springer, Sage, Taylor & Francis and Google scholar were searched to retrieve the related literature. The main criteria for entry were, the literature published in English language in the disciplines of nursing and health care sciences. Literature search was limited to 1980-2013 with the keywords of "Nursing", "nurse-patient relationship", "humor" and "hospital" in the title of texts that due to it, 84 texts were reconsidered and were reviewed. the results of this study indicate that humor have important role in improving nurse-patient relationship. Humor help to nurses to cope with cumbersome positions, provide a sense of cohesion between nurses and patients and can be used as a therapeutic technique to reduced pression and anxiety of patients. It can ultimately affect nurses’ efficiency and perceived safety by patient. the results of this study indicate the importance of humor in improving nurse-patient relationships, and the necessity of attention to this component in training nurses as major members of medical care team.

There are problems that lie ahead about Conflict between the priorities of medical education and patient care and dignity of patients in clinical teaching. Like other areas of ethics in clinical teaching respect for the individual, benefits, equity and no harm should be taken into consideration. Studies show that the three pillars of clinical training are doctors, patients and students have been formed. Meanwhile, according to the study, the challenges of clinical training about patients and students are discussed. In this regard, with the use of available resources, the related problems were declared and their solutions are also given.Considering that the training process, students and physician attendance are fully conscious, therefore the patient attendance should be fully consciously too. To reduce conflict between clinical training and patient rights, it seems that it is necessary to be taught professional ethics and communication skills for students. On arrival at the health center should be given sufficient information about the patient's rights to their.

Modern medicine has faced medical community with a wide range of ethical issues that clinicians haven’t faced with it. Deep and thorough understanding of these issues has stimulated attention of physicians and thinkers of different fields specially ethics scholars to medical ethics as a new approach in comprehensive health system. With regard to this role and importance, review and evaluation of educational programs of medical ethics is inevitable. So in this research, it has attempted to study quality and place of elements and component of Ph.D medical ethic curriculum from point of professors and students. This research is descriptive and survey research and its purpose is evaluating internal quality of educational programs of Ph.D medical ethics from point of professors and students according to the ten elements of Acer. In this regard the questions were raised for achieving to research goals:1- How much the degree of acceptance of educational programs of Ph.D medical ethics in Iranian university of medical sciences, with respect to ten elements of Acer? 2-What is difference between professors’ and students’ opinions about internal quality of educational programs of Ph.D medical ethics in Iranian university of medical sciences? 3- How is the internal quality of educational programs of Ph.D medical ethics courses in Iranian university of medical sciences? So in order to responding to research questions, we tried to collect the information in field research and we used questionnaire. Our statistical populations involved 45 Ph.D medical ethics students and 25 professors and academic members that taught this course in Tehran, Shahid Beheshti and Shiraz University of medical sciences. It was used Morgan table for selecting statistical model and statistical methods such as descriptive statistic: frequency table describes the percentage, column chart and inferential statistics: one sample T-test and Friedman test. Also it was used SPSS software for these testes. The results showed that the internal quality of educational programs of Ph.D medical ethics is inappropriate and there is significant difference between logical elements, contents, learning activities and teaching methods so that professors have more appropriate opinions than students about logic and teaching method but student’s ideas are better about content and learning activities. The courses of medical ethics was good so that medical Fegh had better quality and it was in the first priority but ethics in managing health system had worth quality and it was in the last priority. It reminded the importance and necessity of changes and reforms in medical ethics curriculum.

There was a looker on significant progress in the field of medicine sciences and especially in reproductive medicine in the late twentieth century.One of the most important developments is availability of various access to different infertility treatments. Using these methods has raised ethical and legal issues and many ethical and legal considerations. The most important ethical issues pertain to embryo donation, including informed consent, screening of donors and recipients, confidentiality, financial issues, etc. and other issues about donated gametes or embryos.Considering the four principles of medical ethics (including respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence and justice, it can be concluded that: according to the principle of respect for autonomy, donors and recipients should be aware of what they intend to do as well as its conditions. Therefore, before starting treatment, it should be presented to couples counseling on the risks and the treatment process. Also according to the principle of respect for autonomy, confidentiality of information about embryo donors and recipients is required and it is necessary that documents with high confidentiality to be protected. With regard to principles of beneficence and non-maleficence, the embryo donors and recipients must be screened before handing, some of them will be recognized as eligible characteristics and competencies and some will be excluded from the treatment process. About anonymity of donor and disclosure or non-disclosure of the secret donation to the child and others, different comments have been proposed. But it seems that with respect of the two principles of justice and respect for autonomy, the child's right to be aware about his/her biological origin is a moral imperative. Furthermore, according to the principle of non-maleficence; in terms of jurisprudence and preventing incestuous marriage in the future and possible requirement of the probability the need of donated child to use the transplantation organs, it seems to be necessary in certain cases that, gamete and embryo donors’ identity be registered and how to access this information are determined. Based on the principle of justice, it is better to plan the process in a way that allows providing financial compensation to donors. With regard to the principle of non-maleficence, the considered amount should be chosen in a way to minimize the financial impetus of the donors and possible misuse. Therefore, planning and definition of financial relations between the ovum donor and recipient will be helpful in order to prevent any misabuse. Based on the principle of justice and non-maleficence donated embryos should be kept under quite standard laboratory conditions and all of the safety measures tips for transporting them should be implemented.