نشریه مطالعات سیاسی
پیاپی 17 (پاییز 1391)

Justice is the first virtue of social institutions and social harmony in order to maintain any regulation as a fundamental principle. The present study is an attempt to find the place of Islamic justice in the minds of the turbulent times in the arrival of the Seljuk Turks and Ghazni. It is about Khaje Nizam al-Mulk's intellectual legacy. Khaje shows that justice is not just an individual scale, but as a basic social institution which is the main focus in the social interaction. This research, by using descriptive and content analysis, tries to explain the place and the role of Justice in good governing social interaction. He focused on the topic of justice; it is an important factor for a just government and the winning of people's respect and support. Therefore, justice is to protect people from the tyranny of rulers and princes, as well as government agents.

Concerning the twenty first century revolutions and specially world war two occurrences and the need of the world in this century to the fossil energy as a requirement in development is the subject of this study. Oil and Gas, as basic requirements of developmental goals occupies important place for the United States, in particular. So, it is of outmost important for US to maintain its presence and therefore its hegemony over territories that hold and are the main source of fossil energy in order to maintain its status as a supper power after September 11. In this paper, after explaining the need of the United States in twenty first century for energy sources, it is tried to outline the nature of the strategy of this country on how to dominate strategically and geopolitically the key territories that hold energy resources.

The rule of law is today one of the fundamental concepts in the field of interdisciplinary branches of philosophy, law, politics, economics, history and sociology.. Another inspiring concept and principle which deter tyrannical rule are constitutionalism, legality, responsibility, accountability and separation of powers. In analyzing the factors that led to the rule of law is weak, there are various approaches. Due to this understanding, scholars of social science have concentrated their intellectual endeavor on analyzing the role of the rule of law and the separation of power as a mechanism preventing the emergence of tyrannical rulers in societies and in particular in the developing nations. However, it seems from the review of political literature that the studies in this sphere concerning Iranian society have not been through. In this regard, some scholars of politics and economics have considered political culture as the main factor influencing the emergence or nonemergency of tyrannical rule. Our main focus in this paper is on the role of political culture and the rule of law as the main factors determining the democratic or undemocratic nature of governments.

Years of 1330-1332 / 1951-1953 are of great importance for various reasons. One of the important aspects of the mentioned period is Iranian nation's movement for nationalizing oil, and reaction of the United States of America against it. This article, by an emphasis on the national interest of the United States, is going to review the factors that changed America's approach towards the nationalization of the oil industry and the removal of Mosadaq as the Iranian prime minister. Unlike the well-known thought, the reason does not seem to be the fear of growing power of communism in Iran, but the main factor is Iran's strategic position, and USA’s craving for a share of oil. This main objective of this paper is to documentary focus on the nationalization of Oil industry in Iran during the era of Dr. Mosadaq and how the United States interest in the region placed the USA on the side of the United Kingdom in the removal of Mosadaq from power.

Explaining of mechanisms of legitimacy helps to understand how a political system is able to survive and keeps its stability over time. Legitimacy seems to be the only factor that guarantee the stability of the regime in the face of many hardship that a nation might go through. By now, it is a general belief that it is the culture of upper class that dominate the culture of society and will be institutionalized by social institutions. In capitalist society, the educational system is the main means of continuity of legitimacy of upper class values and norms. So, the educational system makes it acceptable the division of labor and social stratification and hierarch of society even among workers who is most vulnerable to such stratified society. Capitalism wants to train people according to present order, with this aim in mind, it seems that the educational systems best fit to play the role in the of institutionalization of the values of capitalism.

The recent international changes such as the danger of terrorist attacks, precautionary war of the U.S.A to protect its world domination, and the spread of weapons of mass destruction are considered threats for peace and the weakening tolls to establish peace. Regarding all these problems, the United Nations as the most legitimate system for global development of the big strategy to deal with all these problems would remain to provide response with the urgent conditions. The following items should be met for all who are looking forward for the enforcement of peacemaking weapons and the operations of the UN: 1) Encouragement of political leaders and civic societies to respect the limitations of the international rights for the usage of violence by the governments and nongovernmental players 2) Advancement in the ability of the UN for the peaceful operations especially to establish the professional police to help the new security issues In this research it has been attempted to provide answer to the question as: What mechanism would be applied to enforce the peaceful operations according to the recent threats of international peace? It seems that using tools and systems like the UN, the enforcement of international rights, The UN police, prosecution and detention of international criminal would help improve the peacemaking operations.

Political participation is one of the basic factors of political and social development. Citizens’ attendance in events such as elections, communities and parties are examples of political participation. Among these, elections and voting are the most simple political actions and most common political participation. So, the purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between religiosity and political participation among Mashhad Islamic Azad university students. The sample used in this study involved 313 male and female students in the year 2010- 2011. Questionnaire was used to gather information. To test the level of religiosity, two aspects of traditional and modern religiosity were considered and for political participation just the number of students attending in presidential elections, guardian council, parliament and urban and rural Islamic councils were considered. Findings show there is a direct and statistically meaningful relationship between student's religiosity and political participation which means that the higher the score of traditional religiosity, the higher the level of political participation.

Islamic awaking is one of the most important developments in the Middle East. Regional Crises have been the order of the day in transitional societies of the Middle East and also have resulted in power struggle among various ethnics and economic groups. Developments that began in December 2010 in Tunisia gradually swept across the Arab world. Peak horizontal extension of this transformation reached after the fall of Mubarak in February 2010. We seek in this paper to study the movements in the Middle East as an Islamic awakening. The first wave of Islamic awakening was emerged in Iran in 1979. The second wave of Islamic awakening began in Tunisia in late 2010. But the third wave of such awakening emerged in Tunisia in the later part of the same year which got both analysts and politicians by surprise and this awakening spilled over other countries in the Middle East also. To explain this Islamic awakening within Middle Eastern nations the cultural and socioeconomic factors are the subjects of analysis and discussion in this work.