نشریه پرستاری و مامایی ارومیه
سال دوازدهم شماره 5 (پیاپی 58، امرداد 1393)

Because of application human and animal manure, polluted water and contact of animals in farms, Fruits and vegetables generally are contaminated with patogens. So, to removal of these contaminants, vegetables must be decontaminated before used. In this study, efficacy of two widely used disinfectants (Alkyl Dimethylbenzyl Ammonium Chloride and Benzalkonium chloride) in reduction of microbial load of lettuce were studied and also we comprise these to chlorine in the form of Calcium hypochlorite in order to reassure the people that used these disinfectants. In the present study, we determined the microbial load reduction in four steps of sanitizing and disinfection of lettuce obtained from market in Urmia (application of Alkyl Dimethylbenzyl Ammonium Chloride and Benzalkonium chloride and chlorine) and we used Most Probable Number of coliform (MPN) index to determined efficiency of washing and disinfection in reduction of microbial load. Results of this study show that, average initial levels of total coliform in lettuce obtained from market in Urmia samples were 3.557 log10 CFU/g. After disinfection of lettuce according to the protocol of Iranian Ministry of Health, at step of completely washed in water after cleaning average levels of total coliform were decreased to 3.35 log10 CFU/g and at step of washing with detergent, total coliform reduced to 2.07 log10 CFU/g. At step of disinfection with chlorin, initial microbil load decreased to 0.9 log10 CFU/g and Benzalkonium chloride caused decreased initial microbial load to 1.8 log10 CFU/g and Alkyl Dimethylbenzyl Ammonium Chloride caused decreased initial microbial load to 1.6 log10 CFU/g. Chlorin is an effective disinfectant in disinfection of lettuce that caused decrased 2.6 log10 CFU/g of colifrm at lettuce, and have beter efficiency than other two commertial disinfectants.

In recent years, job satisfaction, employee empowerment and participation in decision-making process is crucial issue for successions of organization. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between Nursing Managers’ Delegation and Nurses’ job satisfaction from the Viewpoint of Nurses. This study is a descriptive – correlation study. Statistical data in this research includes nurses (2120 members) Working in Hospitals affiliated to Medical University of Isfahan. out of which 260 nurses were selected randomly. Data collection tools in this research are two questionnaires: the first one is "Delegation by Managers" designed by researchers, and the other one is "Herzberg job satisfaction" questionnaires. The data has been analyzed by statistical software named SPSS version 19. The findings of the study show that the nurses’ perspective (view) about Managers’ Delegation was 52.7%. In other words, it is in average level. In this study 8/33% of subject had was low level of Job satisfaction, 2/56 percent had average level of Job satisfaction, and 10% had high levels of Job satisfaction (7/41 ± 01/19). This study demonstrates there isnt significant positive relationship between age, marital status, education level, and work experience and job satisfaction and also there isnt significant positive relationship between Nursing Managers’ Delegation and nurse's job satisfaction. Delegation is not an effective management tool to increase nurse's job satisfaction.

One of the non-drug methods of induction of labor is the castor oil. Despite the wide use of castor oil in the profession of midwifery, few studies regarding its efficacy and safety have been reported. This study was conducted to determine the effect of castor oil on labor pain. This randomized clinical trial study was performed on 100 pregnant women. Samples were randomly divided into two groups. The case group was given 60 ml of castor oil and the control group received nothing. Then the onset of labor and mode of delivery were studied by using Chi square and Fisher exact tests. The results showed although the normal delivery in case group was slightly higher than control group, but no significant correlation was found between the two groups (P= 0/21). The number of women with uterine contractions in the case group was higher than control group, but the chi square test did not detect significant differences between the two groups (P=0/07). According to these findings, castor oil is not considered as a definitive method for onset of labor at delivery term.

Noncompliance is a challenging problem in the management of schizophrenic patients that results in poor clinical and functional outcomes in these patients. Different factors are effective in patients compliance, insight into the disease could be one of them. This study tries to determine the relationship between patient’s insight into the disease and the compliance in schizophrenic patients.

In this descriptive analytical study 80 hospitalized schizophrenic patients from Razi educational clinical center in Tabriz were chosen by considering the purposive sampling method criteria. In order to collect the data, we used health belief model questionnaire to review insight into the disease, and a check list to review the compliance. After taking into account the research ethic protocols, we collected data by interviewing and observation. The data were analyzed by using SPSS software, descriptive statistics (abundance, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) and interpretive statistics (Pierson correlation test).

Most participants were female, single, unemployed with education less than high school diploma. According to the results of this study most patients had good compliance (62%). According to Pierson correlation test, there is a meaningful statistical relationship between patient’s compliance and patient’s insight into the disease (p=0.02) and also between compliance and patient’s susceptibility to disease (p=0.001).

There is a relationship between patient’s insight into the disease, and compliance in schizophrenic patients. Due to the lack of vast studies in this subject, more studies are necessary to be done.

patients and their relatives are as customers of healthcare systems. Various factors in health systems affect on their satisfaction. Due to importance of healthcare services in emergency wards, the current study was designed to explore the meaning of quality and factors affecting on that based on nurses perception in Shahid Motahari hospital in Urmia, Iran. A qualitative study employing content analysis was performed. Purposive sampling was used for participant selection. Seventeen face-to-face interview and one focus group discussion with nurses who were well experienced in health care delivery was used for data collection. Data saturation principles was used for collection. The findings of this study showed that based on nurses perception providing of physical resources and using high technical medical devices as well as enough emergency ward space are important factors for quality improvement in emergency department. The most important factors in quality of healthcare delivery are personnel skills and their performance. Moreover, barriers related to quality of emergency department were identified as a lack of enough emergency space, being educational hospital, long time of healthcare services delivery, cultural aspects of member from public and their perception about emergency services and laypeople crowding in emergency ward. Findings from this study revealed that quality of emergency services can be improved by providing physical resources, revising current emergency process, continuous educational plan for personnel, improving motivation for personnel in their work.

Attitude is the predicator of human behaviors. This study tries to assess the attitude of the school managers of Hashtrud city toward safety and occupational health. The study is a descriptive and analytical one. 76 managers participated at the study. To perform this study, a questionnaire with two aspects of attitudes to safety and occupational health (alpha Chronbakh 0.80), and observance of safety and occupational health alpha (Chronbakh 0.78) were used. To analyze the data, descriptive analysis, Pierson correlation, Independents t- test, and ANOVA test were used. The results showed that observance of safety and health rules and attitude to safety and health were in an undesirable status. There was a significant correlation (r= 0.624, P = 0/001) between attitudes to occupational health and safety, and observance of safety and health rules. The mean difference of attitude to occupational health and safety between male and female, among age groups, among years of experience groups, and between marital status were not significant (p<0/05). There was a significant difference (P = 0/002) among different educational levels in the mean attitude to occupational health and safety. Negative attitude to safety and occupational health result in less observance of safety and occupational health rules. Putting safety and health training program can improve the attitude of managers to safety.

Student's thinking skill is always a complex issue in education, and nowadays it has taken a more serious condition because conventional methods of teaching such as lectures as the dominant method used in higher education system is a passive style which ignores critical thinking. This study was performed to investigate the effect of concept mapping on critical thinking skills of the nursing students.

In a quasi-experimental study with two groups, pre-test post-test design, 40 nursing students of the third semester were selected through convenient sampling method, and they were randomly divided into two experiment and control groups. Students were trained by using concept maps in the experimental group for six sessions of two hours, and traditional methods in the control group for five sessions of two hours respectively. The statistical analysis was done by SPSS software version 19. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics, independent t-test, and paired t-test were used.

The results showed that the use of concept mapping method of teaching, significantly increased post test mean scores in the experimental group (p=0/000). Comparing to the control group, after applying concept mapping, the mean scores of critical thinking in the experimental group significantly increased except in the fields of ​​evaluation (p=0/201) and inductive reasoning (p=0/209).

Applying active learning strategies such as concept mapping method can improve learning and critical thinking skills as a basic principle in the students.

Management of diabetes mellitus by patients have an essential role in the prevention of this disease complications. Empowerment programs is one of the effective methods to teach these patients. This study tries to compare the effects of self-empowerment through education, training packages and training workshop on the empowerment of diabetic patients of Diabetes Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences. This is an experimental study designed with pre-test, post-test which has been done on 40 patients referring to the Diabetes Center, Urmia University of Medical Sciences. Participants randomly assigned into one of the two groups of workshop, and training. A two-part questionnaire with demographic and psychosocial empowerment tool was used for data collection. The data were analyzed after collecting and coding the data by using the SPSS (ver16) statistical software. Mean age of the workshop, and training package study groups were 58/80±7/81, and 54/95±8/61, respectively. The findings did not show any significant relation of psychosocial empowerment scores between the two groups in terms of its dimensions before and after the intervention (P= 0/570). However, statistically significant correlation were found in the psychosocial dimensions (P<0/0001) before and after the intervention (within the group) in each of the groups in empowerment scores. The study revealed more effective empowering, whether through workshop or training package to improve the psychosocial empowerment in patients.

Religion is an important factor in preventing the incidence and prevalence of ppsychological ddisorders, which can effect on women’s health promotion & public health. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between adherence to the Islamic beliefs and faith maternal birth weight. 100 postpartum women of Arefian hospital were selected by random cluster sampling method for the study. Adherence to Islamic beliefs scale, and faith birth weight were used for data collection. Data analysis was performed using Pearson correlation coefficient test. This study showed that there was a significant positive relationship (P<. 01, R =.21) correlation between both the religious beliefs of maternal and infant birth weight. The results of this study include the need for more attention on maternal health screening programs, ssupporting and counseling psychology of religion for woman’s health promotion in routine prenatal care.

Cervical cancer is the most prevalent, malignant female disease, and it is the second recognized cancer in women, all over the world. Pap smear test is the only recommended method for screening cervical cancer. The aim of this study was to determine the performance of rural women in the Health Houses of Shaft city in relation to the Pap smear test by using Health Belief Model. A descriptive-analytical study was carried out on 205 rural married women referring to the Shaft Health Houses using two-stage sampling method. Data collection tool was a valid and reliable questionnaire including demographic variables, knowledge and Health Belief Model constructs. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, Chi-square, Mann-Whitney U and Logistic Regression tests (SPSS 18 software). 66.88% of the women had at least once Pap smear test. There was significant differences between scores of knowledge and constructs such as severity, benefits, barriers, perceived self-efficacy and family history among persons with and without Pap smear test (p<0.05). Family history of Pap smear (OR= 2.183, 95% CI=1.116-4.270, P=0.023), knowledge (OR= 1.101, 95% CI=1.024-1.184, P=0.010), perceived severity (OR=0.733, 95% CI=0.561-0.958, P=0.023) and perceived benefits (OR= 1.343, 95% CI=1.079-1.670, P=0.008) were determined as predictors of behavior, using Logistic Regression. Constructs such as severity, perceived benefits and family history of Pap smear test are important predictors, which are necessarily to be considered in designing educational programs.