نشریه میکروبیولوژی دامپزشکی
سال دهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 28، بهار و تابستان 1393)

This study was done to investigate antiviral activity of four plants. For this purpose، the extracts of four plants were ready and adjacent to virus. EID50 of virus and virus/extract was calculated for any plant by Reed and Muench method. Antiviral activities were calculated as the difference of virus titer between treated and untreated infected control eggs and expressed by inhibition percentage (IP). The results of this test showed Limon had the most antiviral activity and could reduce viral pathogenicity of NDV as 100 fold. Matricariarecutita L.، Allium ascalonicum L. could reduce activity of virus as 3. 8 and 40. 5 fold respectively، but Rosa damascene did not have any significant effect on virus. Accordingly، three out of four of these extracts were found effective.

In order to investigate the seroprevalence of BoHV-1 infections in Iranian camels in Yazd province of Iran، blood samples were taken from 50 camels of different ages and both sexes. Sera were tested to determine antibodies against BoHV-1 by virus neutralization test. The results revealed that none of the tested camels'' sera were infected with BoHV-1. The current work is the first attempt for the detection of BoHV-1 in serum of camels in Iran. Further researches in different regions of country seem necessary to find the importance of the disease.

The preferential method to enjoy the benefits of Immune- complex vaccines is the in-ovo injection which needs very complex and advanced injection machines. These machines are not yet widely available. In this study، the function of an Immune- complex vaccine was compared by using two methods. The fist method was the In-ovo injection in the 18th day of incubation period and the second one was the Sub-cutanous vaccination in the day-old chicks. For this purpose four parameters including mean final weight، antibody response، bursa to body weight ratio and the grade of microscopic injuries within the bursa of fabrisius were measured. The results showed that the method of vaccination in induction of ELISA antibody response in (KPL) except for the 18th and 25th days of age did not cause any significant difference between the two vaccinated groups. In the samples for the vaccinated 32 day old chickens، bursa to body weight ratio was significantly (p<0. 05) lower than control group، but there was no significant difference between the two vaccinated groups. The histopathological study of the bursa samples indicated a significant difference (P 0/05) in microscopic injuries grade between the vaccinated groups and the control group، but this difference between the vaccinated groups except for the 8 days old chick’s samples did not show any significant difference. The amount of final weight in the end of the study between the two vaccinated groups and also between the vaccinated groups and the control group showed a significant difference (P 0/05). It can be concluded that the vaccination with the subcutaneous method in day-old chicks using the function of Immune-complex vaccine can be considered as reliable in-ovo method for the administration of immune-complex vaccines.

Leishmania infantum is responsible for visceral leishmaniasis regarded as one of the health problems of over than 88 countries. Drugs used to treat leishmaniasis have undesired side effects or they are not effective at all. Considering the prevalence of leishmaniasis disease، it is necessary to produce an effective، safe and inexpensive drug. Different species of ferula have antibacterial، antifungal and anti-Leishmania features. However، no study has been conducted on the effects of extracts of plants including Ferula rigidula and Ferula szowitsiana on promastigote of Leishmania infantum parasite. Two species of Azerbaijan province indigenous ferula were collected and their chloromethane and methanol extracts were prepared. Promastigotes of Leishmania infantum were cultivated at RPMI cultivation in vitro environment and the effects of the mentioned extracts on growth and survival of promastigotes of Leishmania infantum were evaluated using homocytometer slide under a microscope. Methanol extract of both ferula species with different concentrations were successful in controlling promastigote dose-dependent growth of Leishmania infantum. All outcomes resulted from verifying the extracts using homo cytometer slide. According to the results of the study، Ferula rigidula and Ferula szowitziana indigenous species of Iran demonstrated their appropriateness to study leishmaniacidal effects in vitro. Therefore، it is required to further study and identify the effective compounds found in methanol extract of the studied species.

Among the avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes، H9N2 virus has the potential to cause an avian influenza (AI) pandemic and vaccination with inactivated vaccines to prevent or reduce losses due to infections is common. Formalin is one of the most important inactivators in AIV inactivated vaccine production process and incorrect inactivation may be due to secondary irreparable problems. So we evaluate these conditions to optimize inactivation factors such as temperature، time، shaking and formalin concentration. For the optimization of factors، we used different treatment concentrations (0. 05، 0. 075، 0. 1، 0. 125، 0. 15، and 0. 2%)، time (12، 16 and 21 hour)، temperatures (25، 30، 35، 37 and 39 °C) and shaking condition. The titer of inactivated viruses was evaluated with standard hemaglutination (HA) test and non infectivity of those was assessed with inactivation test (IT). The optimum condition that could inactivate the infectivity of AIV (H9N2) was 0. 05% concentration in 12 h and 37 °C. The shaking did not have any significant effects on inactivation process. So the mentioned qualifications are the optimum condition for virus inactivation in the production of inactivated AI vaccine process.

Different kinds of feedstuffs used in traditional dairy farms in Ahvaz area were investigated and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) contamination in 88 samples including sugarcane bagasse، rice bran، wheat flour، concentrate، straw and green fodder was measured in summer and winter using ELISA. Data showed that a total of 88 samples، AFB1 level in 5 samples (5/68%) were above the maximum tolerate limit accepted by Iranian National standards organization (10 µg/Kg). Of these، 3 samples were related to rice bran with the amount of 67/2، 27/2 and 49/6 µg/Kg AFB1، 1 sample belongs to concentrate mixture (112 µg/Kg) and the last sample was sugarcane bagasse with 15/535 µg/Kg. Statistical analysis showed that although in Ahvaz area the mean of AFB1 level in feeds in summer is slightly higher than winter، the difference was not significant (P>0. 05). In summer، concentrates and sugarcane bagasse are the main source of AFB1 contamination while in winter; rice bran has an important role in feedstuff contamination. Education and provision of recommendations for dairy farmers could be helpful to eliminate or reduce AFB1 in feedstuffs as well as AFM1 in milk production in the region.

Aquatics culture is one of the most important industries in the world. The increase in production and decrease in losses are important priority of this industry. Relatively، the use of immunostimulant as a prophylactic solution for the decrease of microbial infections has been established. In this research، spirulina alga was used in common carp as a food supplement due to its immune stimulation capacity. Briefly، the effects of oral administration of spirulina on serum total protein and protein electrophoresis patterns of 100 common carps (Cyprinus carpio) were studied. The results showed total protein increase in some treatment groups compared to control group. Furthermore، significant increase in alpha globulin in 5، 10 and 15 g alga/kg diet groups (second week) and gamma globulin in 15 g alga/kg diet group (first week) compared to control group was seen in serum protein electrophoresis. In general، the results of this study showed that the oral consumption of spirulina in common carps increases total protein and serum protein fractions including immune gamma globulins.

This study was conducted to identify fungi isolated from conjunctival sac of the clinically healthy Yamud horse and determine effect of host sex and age on isolates. A total of 50 swabs were taken from the inferior conjunctival sac of 25 horses without clinical signs of ocular diseases. The animals were selected from two sexes and divided into two age groups. The samples were inoculated on Sabouraud dextrose agar with chloramphenicol، and incubated at 25 ° C for 21 days. Data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney and Kendall’s tau correlation tests using SPSS 21. Collectively، 11 different fungal species from 8 fungal genera were identified in 25 (100%) horses and 44 (88%) eyes. The isolates in order of frequency were Aspergillus spp. (40. 74%)، Alternaria spp. (20. 37%)، Cladosporium spp. (12. 96%)، Mucor spp. (11. 11%)، Penicillium spp. (5. 56%)، Pseudallescheria spp. (4. 03%)، Candida spp. (3. 70%)، and Microsporum spp. (1. 85%). There was significant effect of horse sex and age on isolation rates of fungi (P< 0. 05). A significant reverse correlation was found between the horse age and number of isolates (r = -0. 517; P = 0. 005). The fungal species isolated are comparable with similar studies performed on horses in other areas.