مجله دانشگاه علوم پزشکی بابل
سال هفدهم شماره 2 (پیاپی 89، بهمن 1393)

Several studies have indicated that serum uric acid increases in patients with pre-diabetes and the early of type 2 diabetes mellitus. As diabetes continues and blood sugar goes uncontrolled، the level of serum uric acid drops again. This study aimed to determine the relationship between serum uric acid and blood sugar levels in the elderly، diabetic patients of Amirkola city. This cross-sectional study was a part of Amirkola Health and Ageing Project (AHAP). Blood samples were obtained from all the patients in order to measure the Fasting Blood Sugar (FBS) and blood uric acid levels. Afterwards، the relationship between the serum uric acid and Blood Glucose was evaluated. Of the 1525 older people aged 60 and over، 351 (23%) were known to have type 2 diabetes and 116 people was diagnosed as diabetes mellitus based on the measurements of FBS. Data analysis revealed an inverse relationship between FBS and serum uric acid level (p=0. 012، r=-0. 054) and age (p=0. 001، r=-0. 090) whereas there was a direct relationship between FBS and Body Mass Index (BMI) (p=0. 001، r=0. 115). According to the findings of this study، FBSis inversely correlated with the serum uric acid and age whereas there is a direct correlation between BMI and FBS.

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder among women of the reproductive age.The complications of this syndrome such as Hyperandrogenism, infertility, Hirsutism and pregnancy complications increase in obese women with PCOS. This study aimed to compare the clinical and laboratory features of overweight and obese women suffering PCOS with women of normal weight. In this cross-sectional study, 368 PCOS patients were studied. According to the Rotterdam Criteria, they were divided into two groups of equal body mass index (BMI) ≥25 and <25. They were compared in terms of age, parity, infertility history, menstrual disorders, family history of diabetes, weight, BMI, waist to hip ratio (WHR), systolic and diastolic blood pressure and clinical and laboratory symptoms of PCOS. In both groups, the common phenotype was IM/ HA/PCO and the frequent menstrual pattern was Oligomenorrhea (81.2%). In group the overweight and obese group and the normal-weight group, respectively, the mean age was 26.84±5.28 and 25.59±4.66 (p=0.0001), the mean systolic blood pressure was 114.4±11.61 and 106.66±10.02 (p=0.01), the mean diastolic blood pressure was 73.24±8.97 and 67.29±8.36 (p=0.01), infertility was 45.5 % and 22.61% (p=0.0001) and the android obesity incidence was higher in the patients than normal individuals (p=0.0001). Infertility, android obesity and increased systolic and diastolic blood pressure was higher in the overweight and obses group than the normal weight group. Therefore, a follow-up for these patients in order to prevent the complications seems necessary.

Streptococcus agalactiae is the major factor for sepsis and meningitis in newborns and pneumonia and bacteremia in the elderly. Despite the importance of this pathogen, no accurate statistics are available regarding the prevalence of associated infections in adults. The purpose of this study was to analyse the efficacy of gbs1805 gene in the identification of isolates using laboratory and bioinformatic analyses and determine the prevalence of infections caused by Streptococcus agalactiae. In this cross-sectional study, 522 urine samples and genital swabs were collected from patients with suspected urinary tract infections and analyzed using culture and biochemical tests. The Streptococcus agalactiae isolates were examined for the presence of gbs1805 gene and antibiotic susceptibility was determined using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines. In this study, 54 isolates of Streptococcus agalactiae (10.3%) were obtained from the infections. All the isolates had preserved gbs1805 genes. The highest and lowest sensitivities were related to ceftriaxone (76%) and erythromycin antibiotics (33%). Identification of preserved gbs1805 gene in clinical samples can determine infections caused by Streptococcus agalactiae. Due to the growing resistance of isolates to penicillin, alternative antibiotics should be used for the treatment of infections caused by these bacteria.

Extraintestinal Escherichia coli bacteria is the main reason behind the urogenital infections in humans. Several virulence factors such as cytotoxin genes coding for proteins, adhesion, siderophore receptors and outer-membrane protease are detected within the extraintestinal Escherichia coli. This study aimed to investigate the distribution of genes encoding virulence factors and their correlation with phylogenetic groups in Escherichia coli isolates. The samples were taken from the patients referring to the women’s clinics in the city of Zabol, Iran. In this study, 132 Escherichia coli bacteria were isolated through standard, biochemical methods while all isolated genomic DNA was extracted by boiling. The presence of Cytotoxin Necrotizing Factor 1 (CNF1), IrgA homologue adhesin (iha), iron-responsible protein (irp2) and outer-membrane protease (ompT) was studied via Multiplex-PCR method. Furthermore, utilizing Triple-PCR method, we were able to carry out phylogenetic grouping of all the isolates using the presence or absence of such genes as chuA, yjaA and TspE4.C2 piece. Among 132 isolates, the prevalence of the following genes were determined as CNF1 (10%), iha (8%), irp2 (45%) and ompT (63%). Moreover, for the total number of 132 Escherichia coli isolates, 14%, 7%, 60% and 19% were placed in phylogenetic groups A, B1, B2 and D respectively. Most of the distribution of the genes encoding virulence factors were observed in the B2 group, with an abundance of CNF1 (100%), iha (5.62%), irp2 (01/73%) and ompT (44/84%) in comparison with the other groups. This study concluded that ompT and irp2 are the most frequent genes to isolate virulence factors of extraintestinal Escherichia coli from the genital tract infections. This finding could provide researchers with information regarding the importance of the pathology of reproductive tract infections and thus, help them with discovering more effective remedies.

Tricyclazole is a systemic fungicide, used for eradicating rice blast disease. This substance has replaced Hinozan pesticides and appears to have adversly effects on reproductive tissues and hormone levels. Due to its widespread use in agriculture, the effects of this toxin on testosterone changes and the testicular structure of mice were evaluated in this study. In this experimental study, 30 adult male NMRI mice, weighing 33±3g, were selected and divided to equal three groups: control, experimental 1, and experimental 2groups. The mice in experimental groups 1 and 2 orally recieved 20 and 40 mg/kg of tricyclazole, respectively for two weeks (5 consecutive days per week), while the control group received no toxins. Twenty-four hours after the last injection, the mice were killed with ether and then samples were taken from all groups. After providing testicular tissue sections, different lines of spermatogenic cells, Leydig cells, and the diameter of seminiferous tubules were measured, using a eye piece. Testosterone level was measured via radioimmunoassay, and finally, the obtained data were analyzed. Testosterone level was 1.26±0.44 ng/ml in experimental group 1, 1.12±0.46 ng/ml in experimental group 2, and 0.16±0.059 ng/ml in the control group (p<0.05). The relative weight of the testis, the diameter of seminiferous tubules, the number of Leydig cells, and the number of blood vessels in experimental groups 1 and 2 significantly increased, compared to the control group (p<0.05). Furthermore, the diameter of the lumen area in group 2 (93.94±1.70 mm) showed a significant increase, compared to the control grouop (82.32±1.71 mm) (p<0.05). The results indicated that tricyclazole toxin can impair testosterone secretion and the testicular structure, leaving a adversly effect on sperm production system.

The side effects of synthetic analgesics in clinical use as well as patients’ growing interest in traditional medicine and natural products have drawn researchers’ attention to studying the effects of natural pain relievers and comparing them with chemical and synthetic drugs. Royal jelly, which is produced by bees to feed the queen bee, exerts anti-inflammatory effects through inhibiting the production of pre inflammatory cytokines by activated macrophages. This study aimed to compare the analgesic effects of morphine, aspirin and Royal Jelly as common painkillers. In this experimental study, 36 male Wistar rats were randomly classified into six groups of 6. The negative control group received the normal Saline of 5 kg/ml, one positive control group received morphine 2.5 mg/kg and the other received aspirin 300 mg/kg. The 3 treatment groups received Royal Jelly peritoneally with doses of 100, 200 and 400 mg/kg in single doses. Half an hour after the intraperitoneal injection, 50 micro liters of formalin 2.5% was subcutaneously injected into the bottom of the animals’ right paw and the analgesic effects were studied using the Formalin test. Our findings indicate that as a dose-dependent analgesic, Royal Jelly is most effective at a dose of 200 mg/kg. The grade of acute pain in the groups of Saline, aspirin, morphine and Royal Jelly (100, 200 and 400 kg) was 2.61±0.09, 1.56±0.06, 1.05±0.14, 2.40±0.08, 1.65±0.04 and 1.53±0.05, respectively. The grade of chronic pain in the same groups was 2.34±0.09, 1.28±0.12, 0.33±0.12, 2.15±0.07, 1.21±0.03 and 1.12±0.05, respectively. The analgesic effect of royal jelly with the dosage of 200 kg/mg on acute pain was approximately equal to that of aspirin and less than that of morphine. However, Royal Jelly was less effective on chronic pain than morphine and it did not differ significantly with aspirin. Given the prominent analgesic, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory qualities of royal jelly, this natural substance could be prescribed as a non-invasive method to reduce and relieve pain appropriately and applicably.

Calcifying odontogenic cyst is an uncommon developmental cyst. It accounts for only 1% of jaw cysts and uncommonly occurs with odontoma. Herein, we report a case of calcifying odontogenic cyst, associated with complex odontoma.CASE REPORT: The patient was a 12-year-old girl with complaints of painless swelling in the mandibular first premolar. In radiographic examination, a radiolucent-radiopaque lesion was reported. The lesion, as well as the impacted tooth, was surgically removed via enucleation. In pathological analysis, an odontogenic cyst with ghost cells and complex odontoma was observed. Enucleation was performed for treatment and no recurrence was reported during the one-year follow-up. Clinical and radiographic findings of odontogenic lesions are not exclusive. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the fact that the type of lesion associated with Gorlin cyst determines the clinical course, treatment, and prognosis of complex lesions.

Our understanding of the effects of ionizing radiation on cells and cellular responses to radiation could result in the more effective use of radiation to treat cancer and reduce further complications of radiation therapy more efficiently. In this review article, the effects of ionizing radiation used in radiation on cells and biochemical pathways induced by radiation are discussed with emphasis on its clinical significance. In a review article, the biological effects of ionizing radiation and their clinical importance were searched in databases of NCBI, Scopus and Magiran using key words such as ionizing radiation, biological effect, response to radiotherapy and microRNAs. The resulting papers were used in studying the biological effects of ionizing radiation, the reaction of patients to radiation and microRNAs. The most significant component damaged in the ionizing radiation treatment of cells is DNA. The ability of cancer cells to repair DNA damage is very low. Thus, DNA lesions are not usually repaired and are transmitted to the next generation. The accumulation of mutations might lead to of the reduction of cell division or death of the cancer cell. In addition, ionizing radiation damages biological membranes. The phase of the cell cycle in which the cell is essentially affects its sensitivity to ionizing radiation. Finally, in response to radiation, different biochemical pathways are activated in the cells. By understanding the biochemical pathways involved in the response to ionizing radiation, the markers of sensitivity to radiotherapy could be determined. These markers are important for the appropriate use in radiotherapy and achieving success in treatment. They could also be used to increase the sensitivity of cancer cells to ionizing radiation and reduce the sensitivity of normal cells. Using these markers will enable us to increase the efficiency of radiotherapy and reduce damage to healthy tissues to a minimum.

The number of fungal species on earth is estimated at about 1.5 million species, among which about 400 species belong to animal and human pathogens. Human pathogenic fungal species are mainly isolated from plant hosts. Studies on multi-host fungi have shown that with changes in physiological pathogenicity, these fungi are able to change their host according to the circumstances they are in. Horizontal gene transfer may play an important role in the evolution of fungal virulence in human hosts. In this retrospective study, Pubmed, Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, Elsevier, Irandoc, Iranmedex, Magiran, SID, and MEDLIB databases were searched thoroughly. MeSH keywords in our search included the evolution of virulence, pathogenic fungi, human pathogenic fungi, pathogenic plant fungi, horizontal gene transfer, and limited host plants. The related articles, published during 1992-2010, were extracted and retrospectively studied. Molecular studies on multi-host fungi confirm the hypothesis of pathogenic fungal evolution from plant hosts to human hosts. The present study evaluated the recent findings on the origin of human pathogenic fungi and host changes from plant to human hosts. By comparing the content and structure of genomes and genes in pathogenic fungi, with different host ranges, penetration methods, and pathogenicity, we will have a better understanding of pathogenic genes and the processes involved in the evolution of the disease.