فصلنامه لسان مبین (پژوهش ادب عرب)
پیاپی 18 (زمستان 1393)

Abu Bakr Muhammad Ibn Dawood al-Isfahani (869-910), scientist, jurist and poet, lived in the Abbasid era П. He was a theorist in linguistics and Hadith and a scholar of religious doctrines. He was greatly capable of judging and arguing with poets and authors since he was young. At this time, the lyric chaste ode (qazal) flourished alongside the torch song (Ibahi poem) with the advent of poets like Ibn Dawood. This article will study the way Abu Bakr’s poetry represents a clear turning point among poetic movements due to his distinct poetic purpose and particular style, his maintenance of inherited methods, and also the way he was influenced by the modern Arab civilization. Isfahani`s special style appears in his valuable book, Al-Zahra.

Satire is an important literary form representing the poet’s feelings and emotions more vehemently than other types of poetry, and depicting social and individual life in a simple language; therefore, it has attracted the attention of many critics and researchers. In the Abbasid Era – the golden era of Arabic literature – Satirical lampoon came into being which on one hand, because of possessing a satirical spirit, was calming and joyful and, on the other hand, was far from the impolite language by which human soul is repelled. The present article studies the satirical lampoon of Ali Ibn Debel Alkhozai, the Abbasid court’s poet, with regard to the most important caricaturist aspect of it, that is, the overstatement of the faults of those who are satirized. The poet’s caricaturist achievement will be analyzed based on examples from his sarcastic treatment of the individual, social and political subjects. We will attempt to examine the most important satirized subjects in every field to indicate the ability of the poet in the creation of caricature pictures in poetry and his similarity to the present caricaturists.

Hermeneutics, the transference from the literal meaning of a word to its implied meaning, is employed as an indispensable method by diverse nations to derive new meanings, understand a text, explore the its dimensions, and discuss it (hermeneutics). This paper presents the concept of hermeneutics, the development of relational hermeneutics and the interpretation of the emergence of hermeneutics in East and West. This paper also reviews the philosophical, religious, and literary critical principles of hermeneutics, and examines the necessity and importance of using text analysis. Then, with an emphasis on historical and mythical hermeneutics, and through explaining the difficulties in the analysis of pre-Islamic poetry, the writers would try to analyze the poetry of Emri Al Gheis through Vladimir Propp's method using the cross-sectional approach with an emphasis on exploring the practical implications of words. The most important outcome of this study, is firstly rejecting the theory that pre-Islamic poetry had numerous aims and was an issue far from unity. Secondly, the study rejects the Trump Anthal (plagiarism) of the pre-Islamic poetry and proves its authenticity.

Eulogies dedicated to the prophet reached perfection in the Mamlouki age. Eulogists of the holy prophet did their best to improve this technique by elaborating on the details of this poetic form. Such poets achieved their dream eulogies for their perfect and detailed odes. Prophetic eulogists of the Mamlouki era gave voice to their religious goals by incorporating them into the prologue which prepared the ground for praising the prophet. This brought versatility to the poetic form of prophetic ode and turned it into a major independent poetic expression among others. This article aims at studying eulogy prologues of the age of Mamlouki and their origins. Here we divide prophetic eulogies into two categories. First, we will discuss imitated subjects including the description of holy places, nature, traveling and its vehicle, praying, love lyrics, advising and asking for forgiveness. Second, we will consider new subjects invented by eulogist poets of the Mamlouki era, including contemplation of God, direct and face to face eulogy, prioritizing Prophet Mohammad over other prophets, refusing Christian and Jewish beliefs, and crying over youth.

Attention as a rhetorical device distinguishes between poetry and prose. No contemporary or early poem has been composed without it as it gives variety to poems by moving from one to another mood. From among Arabic rhetorical styles, “attention” is considered a stylistic phenomenon. In addition, poets have found it a source for implications and conveying meanings. In the view of the contemporaries, “attention” means avoiding the common language as technical and artistic language has to transcend common language. Obviously, poetry is an open space for a variety of styles including attention. Since it transforms one state into another, it allows poets to navigate from one state to another within the framework of the text. One of these poets is Mahmoud Darvish whose poems are full of attention in terms of pronoun, verb, syntactic structure, words, etc. This motivated the researchers to analyze his poems to determine how, because of his command of technical language, he has been able to go beyond the common language and norms. The findings of this study indicate that Darvish has used attention in a disorganized way compared to other forms, for his poetic purpose of raising the reader’s awareness of the society and worries of the time, and giving flexibility to temporal implications so that the reader is convinced.

Fadva Toughan, the contemporary Palestinian poet, is distinguished for her different poetic style. She is also a pioneer among poets with a suitable humanitarian stand on behalf of her people. Since the theory of intertextuality is one of her most prominent artistic techniques, also noticed by critics and scholars, the present study attempts to deal with this theory and its historical process from the viewpoints of Western and Arab critics. Then it investigates the mentioned phenomenon in the poetic language of Fadva Toughan to examine to what extent the poet was influenced by different religious, historical and literary texts, and also to show the quality of the mutual and creative visualization between past and present, analyzing some of her odes.

Life and death as poetic subjects have engaged man’s mind since ancient times. These subjects are considered as important themes in ascetic poetry whereby ascetic poets have tried to discover the truth of life and death. The current study attempts to investigate the phenomenon of life against death in the poems of Abu al Atahiya and Nasir Khosrow in terms of comparative analysis. It is beyond any doubt that life against death is considered as one of the most important pivots of ascetic poetry among pious poets. In their ascetic poems, these two poets have unveiled the concept of life against death. Looking at their poems, one may figure out that Abu al Atahiya was greatly afraid of death in his life, trying to escape it, but he could not possibly do so, and ultimately, he adopted death to advise and preach. Nasir Khosrow, also, wrote about the theme in his ascetic poetry, and believed that it was imminent. In this regard, he drew on religious foundations and recommended readers to take advantage of good deeds and get ready to die.