نشریه روانشناسی شناختی
سال دوم شماره 2 (پیاپی 4، تابستان 1393)

The purpose of the present study was to compare effects of self-focused attention on memory bias in individuals with social anxiety. To do this, 45 male students in Tabriz University were selected to participate in the study who had higher scores in Connor social phobia inventory (SPIN) than its cut point. The sampling method was available. Participants were randomly divided into three groups: two experimental groups and one control group. All the subjects were presented the emotionally words to recall. During the experiment, one group received the false feedback of increased self-focused attention, and the other group received the false feedback of decreased self-focused attention. The control group received non-relevant feedback. Next, previous emotional words were presented with a series of other words for subjects to recognize. Using signal detection theory, response bias (ß) and response sensitivity (d'), were calculated for the recognition of emotional words. The data was analyzed by MANOVA. The results showed that there is significant difference in response sensitivity among three groups, but no significant difference in response bias was seen among the groups. Based on the findings, sensitivity of people with social anxiety in dealing with stressful situations and negative social and also individual memory bias were confirmed.

Aim of this research was exploring effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) on working memory (WM) in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) region in healthy people.The method used in this research was experimental with random assignment and control group. The population was male students of Kharazmi university in range of 18 to 23 years old. Thirty participant undertook three experimental sessions in which they received 15 minutes of 2 mA anodal TDCS or sham TDCS. After and before stimulation participant performed n-back task to measure reaction time and correct answers. After analysis of covariance there was significant statistically changing in reaction time and correct answers.The results shows that anodal stimulation reduced reaction time and increased correct answers and it seems made enhance on working memory.

The proposed link between brain laterality and individual differences in cognitive tasks provided the theoretical foundation for the present study. The main purpose of this study was to investigate this potential link, specifically between one aspect of brain function, namely hand dominance, and one type of cognitive task, namely the ability to perceive short intervals of time. The sample included 40 girls and 40 boys left hands and 40 girls and 40 boys right hands in school students fasa city that were selected with the help of the Edinburgh Handedness Inventory and also time Perception measured with four methods of production, reproduction, verbal estimation and comparison by standard software. Regression analysis showed that age predicted negatively and significantly time perception to the measuring verbal estimation and production method. Handedness was positively and significantly predicted measuring verbal estimation method time perception. Logistic regression results also showed that Handedness predicted the time perception the measuring comparison method. In this study, not showed significantly different between the sexes. Summarizes the results show that right-handed people than left-handers to perceive higher intervals of time but at the time discrepancies are close to each other have more wrong.

The aim of present study was detecting the difference between conscience, positive and negative affection at different levels of moral judgment, and exploring the concurrent effect of conscience and affections (positive and negative) at different levels of moral judgment. In this comparative study, 160 male and female undergraduate students of Kharazmi University in 1391-92 academic year completed the Moral Development Test "Ma", Gordon's Five-Factor Questionnaire and Positive and Negative Experience Scale. Discriminant analysis was used for data analysis. Results showed that conscience cannot distinguish different levels of moral judgment from each other and they are first negative and then positive affection which can distinguish one level of moral judgment from the others. Negative affection has greatest role at the concurrent relation of conscience and affections (positive and negative) in predicting the levels of moral judgment, and conscience and positive affections lose their diagnosis power. The above findings will be discussed based on trait perspectives, Kohlberg's theory about the characteristics of each of the levels and the role of affections in predict the behavior of judgment.

Emotion regulation problems can cause important disorders in children and adolescents. Since emotion dysregulation has major role in internalizing and externalizing problems of children and adolescents, adolescence is an important opportunity for changes in emotional experiences, emotional regulation and also increasing mental disorders and generalized changes in social relationships. The aim of this research is to study the effectiveness of training emotion regulation skills in improvement of executive function and emotion regulation strategies of at risk adolescents. The method of this research is experimental that we used pre- test and post -test with control group.24 teenage girls have been selected from hazardous areas of Tehran with accessible manner and randomly they have been appointed in experimental and control group.The members of experimental group got education program of emotion regulation skills in the base of dialectical behavioral therapy that was derived from Linehan model in 8 group sessions,while the control group don’t take any intervention. Training emotion regulation skills increased the scores of adaptive strategies and decreased the scores of maladaptive strategies. Also there was an increase in total number correct of executive function variable and number of categories completed rather than control group. Training of emotion regulation skills can affect in modifying and moderating of emotional reactions in adolescents and also it can affects on involved cognitive processes.

This study examined the mediating effect of positive and negative achievement emotions on the relationship between causal attributions and academic self-regulation among university students. On a sample consisting of 270 students (93 male 177 female) were administrated the achievement emotion questionnaire (Pekrun, Goetz & Perry, 2005).), attributin style questionnaire (Peterson, Semel, Beayer, Abramson, Metalsky & Seligman, 1982) and academic self-regulation scale (Ryan & Connell, 1989). Structural equation modeling was used to assess the mediating effects model of achievement emotions on the relationship between causal attributions and academic self-regulation. results showed that there is a positive significant correlation between adaptive attribution style with positive achievement emotions and a positive significant correlation between nonadaptive attribution style with negative achievement emotions and positive significant correlation between positive achievement emotions with self-regulation and negative correlation between negative emotions and academic self-regulation. Results also indicated that the relationship between adaptive and non-adaptive attribution styles and academic self-regulation by positive and negative achievement emotions is mediated. All of the regression weights in the both models were statistically significant and in the the mediating model of positive and negative achievement emotions, model's predictors accounted for 25% and 21% of the variance in academic self-regulation, respectively. In sum, the results emphysising on the mediating role of achievement emotions, provide further support for the attribution theory.

This study aimed to assess cognitive fatigue in M.S disease and non-disease based on attributional style. First, 40 patients were selected among Women members of the MS Society of Esfahan City according to scores obtained in attribution style questionnair. Then a control group of 40 women without M.S who were matched to disease in scores of attribution style and the characteristics of age, education and marital status were selected. Subjects in 8 groups (4 control, 4 experiment) 10 patients each were assigned. This has some stage. First, subjects in the control and experiment group were facing with controllable and uncontrollable problems followed up in the second, the groups solved Anagram problems. Data were analyzed by the analysis of variance and Tukey test. The results indicated the groups are differences in cognitive fatigue according to the attributional style and type of tasks. Patients has a positive attribution style were faced with unsolvable tasks showing less cognitive fatigue compared patients with negative attributional style. Also there was no difference between these with normal counterparts. M.S with negative attribution style in face with unsolvable tasks showed more cognitive fatigue compared patients with positive attributional style and solvable task.