فصلنامه مطالعات بین المللی پلیس
پیاپی 20 (زمستان 1393)

Context and Tacilitated transportation and trip to different parts of the world have helped criminals flee across the border to avoid punishment. Considering the territorial dominance of governments, positive interstate interaction, especially interaction among member states of Interpol, can be effective in the establishment of a just criminal system so that no country might be a safe place for the criminals on the run. The study has been conducted in descriptive-analytical method and deals with Interpol performance in connection issuing international notices and the effect of the mentioned notices on making the world insecure for international criminals. Considering the issue that the number of those accused and extradited (except European regions) is very small in comparison with that of wanted criminals. The study is aimed at identifying the problems and obstacles in this regard and presenting some solutions to the problems. In this statistical study, based on the type of notices, the number of Interpol notices in 2013, highest number notice requests made by countries, notices issued by other countries for Iranian nationals, notices issued by Tehran NCB for the nationals of other countries, have been investigated In sum, the way to make the world insecure for international criminals has been shown using international Interpol notices; especially red notice and also the way member states can make the world insecure for international criminals using Interpol capacity.

Context and Most conventions on human rights of the absolute prohibition on torture and its similar treatment has been emphasized, so most countries such as Iran and England (uk) have taken this rule into consideration in their domestic laws. In this paper the main objective is the Explanation and description concerning the status of the rule of law in Iran and England (uk) and review documents of human rights. The research method in this paper is descriptive and analytical and The accumulated data are documents - library based references. Although The prohibition on torture and its similar treatment (In most documents of human rights are absolutely accepted but) the Iran and England (uk) domestic laws in practice there are some restrictions and have caused that violate from such human rights standards. Although Iranian Constitutional Law has prohibited every kind of torture, Islamic Penal Cod (taazirat)has criminalized it in a restrict level; other laws which have been passed to fill such gaps are lack of strong legal sanction. Although England(uk) has prohibited tortures and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment in its domestic laws and has accepted human rights conventions regarding torture, it disobeys this rule due to suppression against terrorism. Necessary to further treat the wider international community especially in Iran and uk laws to suppression against torture and its similar treatment.

Context and The criminal responsibility of high-ranking officials one the concerns of international society. That’s why they have set the first annexed protocol for Geneva conventions, constitution for temporary courts and the constitution of International and some principles and criteria for it through the clear identification of doctrine and three-fold elements, although international documents have not presented any definition of the responsibility, but they have declared that the presence of the structural element of criminal responsibility is due to international humanitarian rights related to relation between higher and lower ranks. The present study is descriptive from points of view of type objective, application and nature and method and data collection has been carried out through document investigation and In judgments before Second World War, commanding and control criteria have been accepted as the criteria structural element. Contemporary courts have carried out the principle of effective control and the International Criminal Court has followed this policy, but the difference is that for higher military ranks, the principles of commanding and effective control and authority, but for nonmilitary higher ranks, only effective authority and control have been exerted. In the articles 86 and 87 of the first annexed protocol are considered essential to materialize the afore-mentioned doctrine. But, in the International Red cross committee account of the first annexed protocol, the concept of higher ranks is beyond the relation between higher-lower ranks and inclusive of the concept of control in hierarchy. The above-mentioned doctrine is not limited to military people, but also includes non-military people and is carried out in relation to international crime and non-international armed enmities.

Context and Community-based police, as a performative model, was born within the American police system. This model, with the belief that fighting crime and disorder is the duty of every member of the society, emphasizes the utilizing of social force in policy making and executing police programs. After the success of this model in the US, other police systems also followed suit and made it operational through special operations. The methodology for this article is descriptive-analytical and library-based sources are used for data collection. The study of the survey of the evolution of community-based police shows that this model emerged after the police passed through political and reformation periods. In this model: people have an active role in police activities, the police priorities are attending to the needs of society members, increasing feeling of security, and the decrease of fear of crime, and success assessment criteria of the police have changed. The successful execution of this model requires fundamental changes in the attitude of people, targets and structure of the police which can face opposition in some cases. In spite of the opposition, this model has found its place in different systems. The successes of community-based policing have led it to be called a proper police model. This model tries to get the community and the police closer to each other. Therefore, despite the definitions and topics, any program following this model is considered an aspect of community-based police. However, with violent and terrorist attacks, there have been doubts about the model but it is still as important.

Context and Consent of States to Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice (ICJ), should be recognized whether expressed by states or inferred by the Court. So, consent of states is key element in Jurisdiction of ICJ. The Research Methods in this article is Descriptive – Analytical and This study was performed through the use of documents and library resources Although United Nations Charter emphasized on importance of Pacific Settlement of Disputes but it do not means Compulsory Jurisdiction of the International Courts. This free will rooted in sovereign will of States and their freedoms on recourse to different means of Pacific Settlement of Disputes. Consensual Jurisdiction of ICJ faced with some Challenges and Restrictions. The most important of them are Relation between Consensual Jurisdiction of the ICJ and violation of Jus Cogens Norms of international law, reference disputes by Security Council to ICJ and Procedures of ICJ in Advisory Decisions.

Context and In recent decades, criminology theories have changed all areas of criminal science and especially criminal procedure. Considering the fact that police are known as the first role-playing institution and link bridge between people and judicial system, the question is whether such an institution is affected by criminology findings or not. In this article, after describing the characteristics of traditional police and criticizing it from the perspective of criminology theories, modern police and criticisms made on it, will be discussed. The study has been conducted in descriptive-analytical method and by means of library resources During criminal law developments, such as other criminal departments, have faced various developments. Such developments influenced by criminology findings, have made fundamental changes in this institution in long years. Like criminal justice system, police have tried to influence public opinions only by emphasizing the immediate arrest of offenders and prevent crime commission; but, inefficacy of the suppressive approach of criminal law and police was followed by extensive criticisms of criminology schools of thought, especially social reaction school of thought. Such criticisms made wonderful changes in these areas. Modern police which is the product of these criticisms emerged in two types: partnership-oriented and control-oriented. Iran has been influenced by international developments and criminology findings in the domain of police duties and authorities and moved toward society-oriented police which can be powerful arm of judicial system. The impact of these developments on criminal procedure in 1392 is tangible.

Illegal movements of nuclear and radioactive materials, for terrorist, political or illegal profit, within and between states continue to occur, presenting health and safety threats to the personnel involved as well as to the general public. To guarantee conducting these movements in a safe and secure manner, they should be subject to extraordinary regulatory, administrative, safety and engineering standards and procedures. This paper intended as an outline of the response mechanisms required to deal with illicit trafficking of radioactive materials. The framework outlined in this paper provides elementary scientific facts, and basis for operational and tactical response measures, considering the nature of incidents, which will vary greatly in both scale and types of response required.