پژوهشنامه جغرافیای انتظامی
پیاپی 2 (تابستان 1392)

Crime Scene in the city means the location where crime occurs, and in other words, an area where felony accumulates in terms of time and place and or facilitates crime perpetration. The purpose of this study is to identify crime centers of Urmia in order to provide strategies to achieve sustainable security in the different regions of Urmia city. This research is applied in terms of objective and is descriptive – analytic in terms of method. Statistical community of research was all detainee criminals from four Urmia areas in 9831. To analyze data, tests of inferential statistical and advanced statistical models are used, for example correlation, regression coefficient, and analysis of multivariate variance and path analysis. Survey of all types of crimes at Urmia regions in 9831 shows that regions 2 and 8 have maximum rate of crimes perpetration, and four regions has lowest rate of crimes perpetration. Also Standard deviation Ellipse indicates that distribution orientation and the process of its extension have an east- west orientation in a way that region 4 has lowest rate of crime occurrence (centralized distribution). In the other regions perpetration, rate of crimes have dispersed contribution. Path analysis investigation of effects of different factors in formation of crime-prone centers shows that robbery variables with rate. 05.4 and sabotage and felony with rate. 0441 have the highest impacts on formation of Crime-Prone Center in Urmia. Finally, are presented some strategies to deduction in crime rate and to achieve sustainable security in different regions of Urmia.

All the documented evidence and experiences in the wars of the 2.th century and the first decade of the 29st century have portrayed this reality as objective and irrefutable examples before the world’s eyes, that cities, due to being the center of physical and human capital as well as having vital, sensitive, and significant installations and centers, are among the primary and basic targets for enemies at the time of war. One of the basic applications of passive defense knowledge is to protect cities and citizens against military and terrorist attacks. Therefore, in addition to explaining the types of military and terrorist threats, it is necessary to analyze and identify the most important areas, installations, and centers of the city that are exposed to threats in order that authorities and relevant institutions could deal with the threats through taking passive defense measures. Through descriptive-analytical method and by using library and field information and findings, this paper tries to study and analyze vital, sensitive, and significant centers of the city of Neishabour in terms of their safety when facing military and terrorist attacks.

This study uses a Vector Regression (VAR) model over the period of 9151-2..6 to investigate the dynamic interactions and relationships between government expenditure on public order and security, GDP and private sector investment for the Iranian economy. The results of impulse response functions and variance decomposition analysis indicate that an upturn in economic growth can stimulate a demand for increased government spending on public order and security. Moreover, an upturn in government spending on public order and security can encourage the private sector investment. Finally, our findings show that there is a significant bidirectional relationship between economic growth and private sector investment.

Environmental justice as a comprehensive approach to inequality, based on the premise that all sections of society regardless to the religious and biological heterogeneity have to protect from environmental consequences arising from the unequal social and economic relations. The informal settlements phenomenon is one of the issues of environmental justice. The data show that Iran's spatial inequalities in the informal settlements have mainly arisen from the accelerated urbanization and rural migration. Karaj metropolitan is one of the country centers that are open to immigrants and economic and social variables have contributed in spreading out the informal settlements. The informal settlements phenomenon is also extending in the periphery villages. A new event that is unprecedented in this province. This Research has explanatory approach that by using the library and field data based on this assumption “informal settlement phenomenon as a manifestation of environmental justice in Mahmoodabad is the result of having low-income immigrant majority”. Inferential analysis of research findings is based on chi-square test (X2) and in the base of questionnaire and nominal range of Likert scale. Its Statistical Society (248.) is based on the Cochran formula and a sample was 22. that were selected randomly showed that there is relation between the socioeconomic factors affecting the expansion of informal settlements in the rural village of Mahmoodabad with immigration, employment and households.

In addition to the geographical space that encompasses the structure of concrete and perceivable, cyberspace can also consider along with geographical space and has its own requirements. Cyberspace has opened new window for the world nations and structures of sovereignty. This space, as well as geographical space provides threats, challenges and opportunities that is the result of advent and action of players in this field, especially it can have a broader feedback than local or regional levels. This paper with an analytical-descriptive procedure and using library, while investigating political geography of cyberspace we investigate sovereignty challenges in this field from political geography perspective and study the advent of new players that their situation do not adapt to traditional players. Findings of the paper show that five challenges home users and small businesses, large economic institutions, critical areas of infrastructures, vulnerability at national arena and global threats of states in the world, that each of them have their requirements.

Iran has been a multinational country with various peoples, cultures, life styles, religions and languages. This Nation has had deep historical, cultural and religious ties with each others. But this integrated totality has been faced challenges by internal and external factors. Sometimes their national unity and solidarity has been damaged or threatened. Therefore, governments have always been interest in preservation, continuation and promotion of national unity and solidarity as a strategic objective. This problem has held its priority. Also, existences of ethnic groups and tribes have always led to the cultural liveliness. However, some problems and security deficiency have been revealed in ethnic arenas, due to some important political, social and economic varieties at internal and external levels. This research is conducted in relation to security issues of this approach. Current research is based on this important question “what are the main factors of security making between Iran’s ethnic groups?” The research methodology adopted is descriptive- analytic and the data- gathering procedure is library and field finding. The finding of the current research reveals that attention to the boundary regions development, emphasis on common religion and respect to the ethnic’s customs are the main important security making factors.